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Hebrew MANUAL Israel BOFORS L/70 40mm ANTI AIRCRAFT GUN Guide IDF ZAHAL BOOK For Sale
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Hebrew MANUAL Israel BOFORS L/70 40mm ANTI AIRCRAFT GUN Guide IDF ZAHAL BOOK:
$145.00
DESCRIPTION :This UNIQUE , EXTREMELY RARE and ONE OF ITS KIND book , Being an illustrated Hebrew MANUAL was published IN 1975 ( Fully dated ) .The extensive RICHLY ILLUSTRATED MANUAL book was originaly published in 1975Israel by theIDF - ZAHAL ( Israel Defense Forces ) , The AIRFORCE wingfor the usage of the SOLDIERS - WARRIORS. The official GUIDE BOOK - MANUAL is for the "ANTI-AIRCRAFT L-70 40mm MODEL D" , Namely the BOFORS 40mm GUN - BOFORS GUN which was widely used by the AIRFORCE wing of the IDF - ZAHAL, Beinga guide book for the HANDLING , MAINTENANCE , LOADING, AMMUNITION of this ANTI-AIRCRAFT AUTOCANNON.Original IDF military wrappers . Hebrew. Throughout illustrated and photographed . Around 9.0 x 6.5 " . 250 throughout illustrated pp . Very good used condition. Inner clean and unstained. Tightly bound.Cover very slightly stained and worn.Very nicely preserved ULTRA RARE copy . ( Pls look at scan for accurate AS IS images ) Will be sent inside a protective rigid packaging. AUTHENTICITY : Thisis anORIGINALvintage 1975"ANTI-AIRCRAFT L-70 40mm MODEL D"MANUAL - GUIDE book, OFFICIAL military PUBLISHING , NOT a reproduction or a reprint , Itholds alife long GUARANTEE for itsAUTHENTICITY and ORIGINALITY.PAYMENTS : Payment method accepted : Paypal& All credit cards.
SHIPPMENT :SHIPP worldwide via registered airmail $ 25 .Will be sent inside a protective packaging. Handling around5-10 days after payment.
TheBofors 40mm gun, often referred to simply as theBofors gun,[4]is ananti-aircraftautocannondesigned in the 1930s by the Swedish arms manufacturerAB Bofors. It was one of the most popular medium-weight anti-aircraft systems duringWorld War II, used by most of the westernAlliesas well as some captured systems being used by theAxis powers. A small number of these weapons remain in service to this day, and saw action as late as thePersian Gulf War.In the post-war era, the original design was not suitable for action against jet-powered aircraft, so Bofors introduced a new model of significantly more power, the 40mm L/70. In spite of sharing almost nothing with the original design other than the calibre and the distinctive conicalflash hider, this weapon is also widely known simply as "the Bofors". Although not as popular as the original L/60 model, the L/70 remains in service, especially as a multi-purpose weapon for light armoured vehicles, as on theCV 90.Bofors has been part ofBAE Systems ABsince March 2005.Contents1 Development2 British versions2.1 Army and RAF Regiment versions2.2 Naval versions3 U.S. versions3.1 Manufacturing3.2 Naval3.3 Army3.4 Air Force4 Captured examples5 Variants5.1 40 mm L/435.2 40 mm L/605.2.1 AC-130 Gunship5.3 40 mm L/705.3.1 DARDO5.3.2 Other L/70 Variants6 Users7 See also8 References8.1 Notes8.2 Bibliography9 External linksDevelopment[edit]TheSwedish Navypurchased a number of2-pounderPom-PomsfromVickersas anti-aircraft guns in 1922. The Navy approached Bofors about the development of a more capable replacement. Bofors signed a contract in late 1928. Bofors produced a gun that was a smaller version of a 57mm (6-pounder) semi-automatic gun developed as an anti-torpedo boatweapon in the late 19th century byFinspång. Their first test gun was a re-barreledNordenfeltversion of the Finspång gun, to which was added a semi-automatic loading mechanism.Testing of this gun in 1929 demonstrated that a problem existed feeding the weapon in order to maintain a reasonable rate of fire. A mechanism that was strong enough to handle the stresses of moving the large round was too heavy to move quickly enough to fire rapidly. One attempt to solve this problem usedzincshell cases that burned up when fired. This proved to leave heavy zinc deposits in the barrel, and had to be abandoned. In the summer of 1930 experiments were made with a new test gun that did away with controlled feed and instead flicked the spent casing out the rear whereafter a second mechanism reloaded the gun by "throwing" a fresh round from the magazine into the open breech. This seemed to be the solution they needed, improving firing rates to an acceptable level, and the work on a prototype commenced soon after.During this periodKrupppurchased a one-third share of Bofors. Krupp engineers started the process of updating the Bofors factories to use modern equipment and metallurgy, but the 40mm project was kept secret.Finnish Bofors 40 mm. This gun mounts the original reflector sights, and lacks the armor found on British examples.The prototype was completed and fired in November 1931, and by the middle of the month it was firing strings of two and three rounds. Changes to the feed mechanism were all that remained, and by the end of the year it was operating at 130 rounds per minute. Continued development was needed to turn it into a weapon suitable for production, which was completed in October 1933. Since acceptance trials had been passed the year before, this became known as the "40mm akan M/32". Most forces referred to it as the "Bofors 40mm L/60", although the barrel was actually 56.25calibresin length, not the 60 calibres that the name implies.[citation needed]The gun fired a 900g (2.0lb)high explosive40 × 311R (rimmed) shell at 2,960ft/s (900m/s).[5]The rate of fire was normally about 120 rounds per minute (2.0 rounds per second), which improved slightly when the barrels were closer to the horizontal as gravity assisted the feeding from the top-mounted magazine. In practice firing rates were closer to 80–100 rpm (1.3–1.7 rounds per second), as the rounds were fed into the breech from four round clips which had to be replaced by hand. The maximum attainable ceiling was 7,200m (23,600ft), but the practical maximum was about 3,800m (12,500ft).The gun was provided with an advanced sighting system. The trainer and layer were both provided withreflector sightsfor aiming, while a third crew-member standing behind them "adjusted" for lead using a simple mechanical computer. Power for the sights was supplied from a 6Vbattery.British 40mm L/60 includes the British-designedStiffkey Sight, being operated by the gun layer standing on the right. The layer operates the trapeze seen above the sights, moving them to adjust for lead. The loader stands to the layer's left, and the two trainer/aimers are sitting on either side of the gun.In spite of the successful development, the Swedish Navy changed its mind and decided it needed a smaller hand-traversed weapon of 13mm-25mm size, and tested various designs from foreign suppliers. With the 40mm well along in development, Bofors offered a 25mm version in 1932, which was eventually selected as theBofors 25 mm M/32.The first version of the 40mm the Navy ordered was intended for use on submarines, where the larger calibre allowed the gun to be used for both AA and against smaller ships. The barrel was shorter at 42 calibers long, with the effect of reducing the muzzle velocity to about 700m/s (2,300ft/s). When not in use, the gun was pointed directly up and retracted into a watertight cylinder. The only known submarines that used this arrangement was theSjölejonet-classboats. The guns were later removed as the subs were modified with streamlined conning towers.The first order for the "real" L/60 was made by theDutch Navy, who ordered five twin-gun mounts for thecruiserDe Ruyterin August 1934. These guns were stabilized using theHazemeyer mount, in which one set of layers aimed the gun, while a second manually stabilized the platform the gun sat on. All five mounts were operated by one fire control system.Bofors also developed a towable carriage which they displayed in April 1935 at a show in Belgium. This mount allowed the gun to be fired from the carriage with no setup required, although with limited accuracy. If time was available for setup, the gunners used the tow-bar and muzzle lock as levers, raising the wheels off the ground and thereby lowering the gun onto supporting pads. Two additional legs folded out to the sides, and the platform was then leveled with hand cranks. The entire setup process could be completed in under a minute.Orders for the land based versions were immediate, starting with an order for eight weapons from Belgium in August 1935, and followed by a flood of orders from other forces including Poland, Norway, and Finland.[6]It was accepted into theSwedish Armythe next year, known as the "40mm lvakan m/36", the lower-case "m" indicating an Army model as opposed to the capital "M" for Navy.The Swedish Navy adopted the weapon as the m/36 in hand-worked single air-cooled, and power operated twin water-cooled version. A twin air-cooled mounting, probably hand-worked was also used by the navies of Sweden and Argentina and a twin air-cooled wet mounting was developed for Polish submarines.British versions[edit]Army and RAF Regiment versions[edit]Q.F. 40 mm Mk. 1 displayed atCFB Borden. This example mounts a Stiffkey Sight, and displays the additional armor protecting the gunners.Bofors gun on Armyhad first examined the weapon when they received a number of Polish-built examples in 1937 for testing, known as the "QF 40mm Mark I" (QF standing for"quick firing"), or "Mark I/2" after a minor change to theflash hider. A licence was acquired and the gun was converted frommetrictoimperialmeasurements. They also made numerous changes to the design to make it more suitable for mass production, as the original Bofors design was intended to be hand-assembled, and many parts were labeled "file to fit on assembly", requiring many man-hours of work to complete.Testing showed that aiming the guns against high-speed aircraft was a serious problem. Although the gun could be trained quickly, aiming accurately while doing so proved difficult. In order to address this, the British introduced a complexmechanical analogue computer, theKerrison Director, which drove the laying electrically. A three-man team operated the director simply by pointing it at the target whilst dialing in estimates for speed, range, and various atmospheric conditions. The director then aimed the guns directly through powered mounts, as the gunners loaded the clips. This eliminated the need for the lead-correcting reflector sights, which were replaced with a backup system consisting of a simple ring-and-post sight known as a "pancake".In this form, the "QF 40mm Mark III" (Mk II was a designation used fora Vickers "pom-pom"), became the Army's standard light AA (anti-aircraft) weapon, operating alongside their3-inchand3.7-inchheavy weapons. The gun was considered so important to the defence of Britain after the fall of France in 1940 that a movie,The Gun, was produced to encourage machinists to work harder and complete more of them. British production started slowly: by September 1939 only 233 equipments had been produced; but by the end of the war total production from British, Canadian and Australian factories was over 19,000. Peak production year was 1942 when British factories produced 5,025 and Canadian factories produced 1,311.[7]Bofors L/60 sighting system, left side.In combat it was found that the Kerrison was difficult to set up to use in many situations, as well as makinglogisticsmore complex due to the need to keep its electrical generator supplied with fuel. In most engagements only the pancake sights were used, without any form of correction, making the British versions less capable than those used by other forces. Eventually an anti-aircraft gunnery school on the range atStiffkeyon theNorfolkcoast delivered a workable solution, a trapeze-like arrangement that moved the pancake sights to offer lead correction, operated by a new crew-member standing behind the left-hand layer. The "Stiffkey Sight" was sent out to units in 1943, arriving in Canadian units in the midst of theBattle of the Aleutian Islands. A final wartime change to the elevation mechanism resulted in the "QF 40mm Mark XII". They also designed a much lighter two-wheeled carriage forairborneuse.The Army also experimented with variousself-propelled anti-aircraft systemsbased on varioustankchassis. Changes to the breech for this role created the "QF 40mm Mark VI", which was used on theCrusaderto produce theCrusader III AA Mark I. The main self-propelled version of the Bofors used the gun set on the chassis of aMorris Commercialfour-wheel drive lorry, this was known as the "Carrier, SP, 4x4 40mm, AA (Bofors) 30cwt". Such guns were used in support of Army divisions to provide swift protection against air attack without the need to unlimber. They saw service in North West Europe, where six SP Bofors of 92nd (Loyals) Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, landed with theBritish 3rd Infantry DivisiononSword Beachon D-Day to protect the vital bridges over theCaen CanalandOrne River(Pegasus BridgeandHorsa Bridge), shooting down 17 German planes. Later in the campaign, SP Bofors were used extensively for ground shoots as well as in an anti-aircraft role. In British army service the Bofors found a highly specialised role: during theNorth Africa Campaignat theSecond Battle of El Alamein, they were used to firetracerhorizontally to mark safe paths for units through the German minefields. This practice was further developed during operations in North-West Europe, where bursts of colour-coded tracer were used to define the axis of advance of the different formations in large-scale night attacks.The formation of theRAF Regimentin February 1942 (in response to the Army's failure to defend airfields onCrete, which resulted in strategic defeat on the island to numerically inferior German forces) signalled the transfer of responsibility for defending airfields to the RAF from the Army. This included low-level air defence and the Bofors L60—to the same design as the Army version—was the principal weapon for the RAF Regiment's Light Anti-Aircraft squadrons in North Africa, Malta, Italy, the Balkans, the UK (including the allocation of fifty-two squadrons toOperation DIVER), and North Western Europe (fromD-Daythrough to the cessation of hostilities). No 2875 Squadron RAF Regiment, employing the L60, became the first unit to shoot down a jet aircraft, aMe 262, with ground-based anti-aircraft fire, atHelmondin the Netherlands on 28 November 1944. Although the Allied air forces had achieved air superiority after D-Day, forward airfields continued to be high priority targets for the Luftwaffe when the opportunity presented and this ensured that the RAF Regiment's L60s continued to be heavily used. For example, during theArdennes Offensive, RAF Regiment Light Anti-Aircraft squadrons shot down 43 German aircraft and damaged 28 others during attacks on eleven RAF forward airfields on New Year's Day 1945. After World War 2, the RAF Regiment continued to employ the L60 as its principal anti-aircraft weapon until it was replaced by the L70 gun in 1957. The guns were deployed in the UK, Germany, Cyprus, the Middle East, and the Far East (there had been insufficient L60s available to equip the RAF Regiment's squadrons in the Far East during the war; these having to make do mostly withHispanoandOerlikonguns).Naval versions[edit]Twin Bofors 40 mm aboardORPBłyskawica, a WWII destroyer of thePolish Navy.Single Bofors 40 mm Boffin mounting, displayed atCFB Borden. In 1996 museum pieces like this cannon were pressed back into service to serve as the main armament of theKingston-class minesweepers.[8]TheRoyal Navyalso made extensive use of the Bofors. Their first examples were air-cooled versions quickly adapted to ships during thewithdrawal from Norway. With thefall of western Europein 1940 the Dutch mine-layerWillem van der Zaanbrought them their first example of a water-cooled gun on their Hazemeyer tri-axially stabilized mounting. Locally produced examples started arriving in 1942, known as the "QF 40mm Mark IV" for use in twin-mounts, or the "QF 40mm Mark V" for single mounts. The Navy ran through a variety of versions of the basic Bofors gun over the war, including the Mark VII to Mark XI. The Royal Navy's home-grown light anti-aircraft weapon, theQF 2-pounder gun, also had a caliber of 40mm, but was referred to as the QF 2-pdr.The designation of models in Royal Navy service can be confusing as the gun and its mounting received separate mark numbers. The following mountings were used;Mark I: twin mounting based on American design and using American built guns, not widely fitted. Fitted for remotefire control.Mark II: quadruple version similar to Mark IMark III: a navalized version of the Army single mounting, hand worked elevation and training.Mark IV: a tri-axially stabilized twin mounting copied from, and usually known as, the "Hazemeyer". It had on-mounting fire control, and was usually fitted with Radar Type 282 to provide target range information.Mark V: twin mounting, that superseded and eventually replaced the Mark IV, often referred to as the "utility" mounting. This was a simplified, unstabilised mounting based on the American twin mounting Mark I, and was designed for remote fire control.Mark VI: a six-barreled weapon feeding from large trays instead of clips and designed for remote control from a dedicated radar-equipped director.Mark VII: a single barreled, hydraulically powered mounting that superseded the Mark III and entered service in 1945.Mark IX: Mark VII mount modified to electrical power, as the Mounting Mark IX, and in this form saw service in theFalklands War.The Mounting Mark V (Mark VC for Canadian built examples) for the20 mm OerlikonandQF 2 pounderguns was also adopted initially as an interim mount for the Bofors. It was a single-barreled mounting with hydraulic power, and was known as the "Boffin".The final British Bofors mounting that saw service was the "stabilized tachymetric anti-aircraft gun" (STAAG) which was twin-barrelled, stabilised, and carried its own tachymetric (i.e. predictive) fire control system, based around the centimeter Radar Type 262, capable of "locking on" to a target. This mounting was heavy (17.5 tons) and the high-vibration environment of the gun mounting was poor location for sensitive valve electronics and mechanical computers. STAAG Mark I carried the radar dish over the gun barrels where it was subject to damage during firing, therefore STAAG Mark II shifted the set to the roof of the control cabin. STAAG was ultimately too difficult to maintain in the harsh environment of a warship and was later replaced by the Mounting Mark V with the fire control equipment located remotely, the single Mark VII and ultimately, with theSea Cat missile. The final version of STAAG was fitted to the RNType 12Whitbyanti-submarine frigates and theType 41/Type 61diesel frigates completed 1956–1958. HMNZSRoyalistwas also fitted with STAAG Mk 2 during modernisation, completed in 1956. Initially it had three STAAG CIWS, the STAAG in Q position was removed in 1960, but it carried two mounts until the end of its service in South East Asian waters, in 1965. The crew ofRoyalistappeared to find the STAAG a reasonably effective and impressive anti-aircraft weapon duringOperation Musketeerin 1956, off Egypt.U.S. versions[edit]Manufacturing[edit]In order to supply both the US Army and US Navy with much greater numbers of the guns,Chryslerbuilt 60,000 of the guns and 120,000 barrels through the war,[1]at half the original projected cost, and filling the Army's needs by 1943.[9]Over the lifetime of the production, their engineers introduced numerous additional changes to improve mass production, eventually reducing the overall time needed to build a gun by half; most of these changes were in production methods rather than the design of the gun itself.[9][10]York Safe & Lock also produced the weapons, though its attempts to coordinate drawings across the program were unsuccessful, and this responsibility was transferred to theNaval Gun Factoryin July 1943.[11]There were many difficulties in producing the guns within the United States, beyond their complexity (illustrated by the use of 2,000 subcontractors in 330 cities and 12 Chrysler factories to make and assemble the parts). The drawings were metric, in Swedish and read from thefirst angle of projection. Chrysler had to translate to English, fix absolute dimensions, and switch to the third angle of projection. Chrysler engineers also tried to simplify the gun, unsuccessfully, and to take high speed movies to find possible improvements, but this was not possible until near the end of the war.[9]Naval[edit]A MK 12 quadruple mount of Bofors guns fires fromUSSHornetTheUnited States Navy'sBureau of Ordnancepurchased a twin-mount air-cooled example, spare parts and 3,000 rounds of ammunition directly from Bofors, which arrived in New York on 28 August 1940 aboard the Army transportUSATAmerican Legion, which had evacuated 897 people, including members of the Norwegian royal family, through the Finnish port ofPetsamo.[12]During that month another Dutch ship, theVan Kinsbergen, demonstrated the Hazemeyer mount to Navy observers. The gun was quickly chosen as the Navy's standard anti-aircraft weapon over the British 40mm calibre,2-pounder pom-pom; however, negotiations with Bofors for licensed production stalled when the Swedes requested airplane export and manufacturing licenses in return.[11]Reportedly, the Navy secretly imported a set ofimperialdesigns from Britain and started production illegally. A formal contract with Bofors was reached in June 1941. The resulting Mark 1 and Mark 2 weapons were intended for the left and right side of a twin mount, respectively, and were adapted by Chrysler for water cooling.[9]Following theattack on Pearl Harboron 7 December 1941, the existing1.1" (28 mm) quad mountand.50 caliber machine gunswere determined to be inadequate against modern aircraft, and their replacement by 40mm Bofors and20 mm Oerlikonweapons was accelerated. The water-cooled version was used almost exclusively by the US Navy and Coast Guard. The 40mm quadruple mount was developed by essentially mounting two twin mounts side-by-side.[11]A major improvement was the addition of power operation to both twin and quadruple mounts. Essentially all US naval mountings were twin or quadruple. 40mm weapons were eventually mounted on virtually every naval and armed auxiliary vessel larger than a small landing craft.[11]After the war, the3"/50 caliber gunMark 27 twin mount began to replace the Bofors, because the "VT"proximity fusewould not fit a 40mm projectile, and the 40mm weapon was considered inadequate against the emerginganti-ship missilethreat. The twin 3" mount was intended to be the same weight as the 40mm quad mount, but was somewhat heavier in practice, which had to be compensated for. Except on destroyers and new construction, the Navy was slow in phasing out the 40mm gun, and it continued in active Navy service through the Korean War. It remained on inactiveReserve fleetships at least through the early 1970s.[13]The Navy's satisfaction with the weapons was demonstrated by their practice of telegraphing Chrysler Corporation with the serial numbers of guns when they shot down an aircraft.[9]Army[edit]Two 40 mm M1 guns on US Army mountingsIn 1938 theUnited States Armyintroduced a37mm gunof their own design, but found it to be of limited performance. In early World War II, six British Bofors were imported for testing, along withKerrison Predictordirectors, and they proved to be superior in all areas. By the middle part of the war, most of the 37mm guns had been replaced by the 40mm.In U.S. Army and Marine Corps service, the single mount Bofors was known as the40mm Automatic Gun M1.[14]The U.S. version of the gun fired three variants of the British Mk. II high-explosive shell as well as the M81A1 armor-piercing round, which was capable of penetrating some 50mm of homogeneous armor plate at a range of 500 yards.In the Army, each Anti-Aircraft Artillery (AAA) auto-weapons battalion was authorized a total of thirty-two 40mm guns in its four firing batteries.[15][16]Each US Marine division had a "special weapons battalion" that included sixteen 40mm guns; in early 1944 these were replaced with anti-aircraft battalions with twelve 40mm guns.Marine defense battalionsalso used the 40mm gun.[17]All of these unit types also included other AA weapons.During World War II, the twin mount version of the gun was mounted on anM24 Chaffeetank chassis as theM19 Gun Motor Carriage. In the 1950s, theM41 Walker Bulldogtank was heavily modified into theM42 Dusterwith the same twin 40mm mounting. After being largely withdrawn from service in the early 1960s, the M42 was re-introduced beginning in 1966 for theVietnam War, where it was mostly used for ground fire support. Following the withdrawal from Vietnam in the early 1970s, the M42 was retained inNational Guardservice until finally retired in 1988.Air Force[edit]SeeBofors 40 mm gun §AC-130 GunshipCaptured examples[edit]In World War II Germany, theWehrmachtused a number of Bofors guns which had been captured in Poland and France. TheKriegsmarinealso operated some guns obtained from Norway. In German naval use, the gun was designated the "4cm Flak 28", and was used aboard the cruisersAdmiral HipperandPrinz Eugentoward the end of the war.[18]Beginning in 1942, several E-boats were equipped with the Flak 28 to enable them to fight against British MGBs and MTBs on equal terms.Germany also purchased a large number (200+) ofHungarian madeBofors guns. In return, Hungary received75 mm PAK gunsfor every 4-5 Bofors. Then Wehrmacht used Hungarian guns after German occupation of Hungary from late 1944. Most of them lost during the fights inBudapestandTrandanubia.[19]Japan captured a number of Bofors guns inSingaporeand put them into production as the Type 5.Both Japan and West Germany continued to use the Bofors gun throughout the Cold War. TheFederal German navyused it in destroyers, frigates, and fast patrol boats until 1984, and in minesweepers to the present day.Variants[edit]40 mm L/43[edit]Bofors L/43 is asubmarinevariant of L/60 with retractable mounting, and using low propellant charge ammunition.[20][21][22]40 mm L/60[edit]The L/60 Bofors fitted to theKingston-classcoastal defence vesselHMCSNanaimoTwin L/60 dismounted from anArgentinian corvettewhich saw service during the Falklands warSome ofHMASSydney's 40 mm L/60 guns firing off Korea in 1951.L/60 is anautocannonusing 40x311mmR ammunition. Although the L/60 was later replaced in production by the L/70, it remained in front-line service well into the 1980s. In most cases, these were the ground anti-aircraft versions, as a suitable replacement in this role did not come along until the introduction of truly effectiveMANPADSmissiles in the 1980s.In United States Army service, theM19 Gun Motor Carriagewas replaced by theM42 Duster, using the same turret but based on the chassis of theM41 Walker Bulldogtank.The L/60 saw active service with the Argentinian and British navies in the 1982Falklands Warand continued to be used into the 1990s, when it was replaced by modern 20 mm and 30 mm artillery.TheCanadian Forcesalso used Bofors on their surface fleet, removed the guns in the late 1980s when they were considered to be outdated, only to re-use old Bofors guns as the main armament of theKingston-classcoastal defence vessel.[8]The Bofors served as the main armament for almost 20 years.[23]The decision to remove them was made in 2014, due to their maintenance burden, and their lack of stabilization.As of August 2006, the French navy uses L/60s on more than twenty ships (patrols and auxiliaries). Ships of theNorwegianandIcelandic Coast Guardscontinue to use the 40mm Bofors gun. The L/60 continued in use in theIrish Armyuntil recent years, when it was retired in favour of the radar-controlled L/70. TheIrish Naval ServiceP20 class retained L/60s on board as their main weapon until the 1990s but were rearmed with L/70s. The last remaining P20-class patrol vessel, (LÉAisling) decommissioned in 2016, was the final vessel fitted with the L/70. Two retired L/60s can be seen adjacent the square in Sarsfield Barracks, Limerick.The last 40mm/60 Bofors in service with theRoyal Australian Navy(RAN) were used as the main weapon aboard theAttackclassandFremantleclasspatrol boats and for training purposes at the West Head gunnery range atHMASCerberus.[24]These were removed from service during 2007; Bofors were used aboard almost every RAN ship to operate between the 1940s and the 1990s, including the aircraft carriersSydneyandMelbourne.[24]As of 2012, the L/60 is still in use by the military of Brazil, Indonesia, Paraguay and Taiwan.AC-130 Gunship[edit]Bofors guns on a Spectre gunshipSince the beginning of the 1970s Bofors L/60s have been used in theUnited States Air Force'sAC-130 gunshipsin theair-to-groundrole.[25]Between 2006 and 2012, there were plans to remove these and theM61 Vulcansfrom newer AC-130U variants and replace them with 30 mm autocannons. However, these plans did not come to fruition at the time, and the Bofors and Vulcans are still in service[26], though the latest W- and upcoming J-model variants sport 30 mmMk44 Bushmaster IIautocannons instead.[27][28]When four additional AC-130Us were to be converted from 2002, the necessary 40mm L/60 guns had to be salvaged from old M42 targets at the Nellis AFB range.[29]40 mm L/70[edit]New Serbian hybrid SPAAA 40mm and SAM –PASARS16.Brazilian Marine Corps shooting a Bofors L/70.By the end of World War II, jet aircraft had so increased the speed of attack that the Bofors simply could not get enough rounds into the air to counter the aircraft before it had already flown out of range. In order to effectively engage these threats, the gun would have to have longer range and a higher rate of fire, thereby increasing the number of rounds fired over the period of an engagement. Bofors considered either updating the 40mm, or alternately making a much more powerful57mm design. In the end they did both.The new 40mm design used a larger 40×365R round firing a slightly lighter 870 g shell at a much higher 1,030m/s (3,379 fps) muzzle velocity. The rate of fire was increased to 240 rounds per minute[1](4.0 rounds per second), similar to the GermanFlak 43. Additionally, the carriage was modified to be power-laid, the power being supplied by a generator placed on the front of the carriage. The first version was produced in 1947, accepted in 1948 as the "40mm lvakan m/48", and entered Swedish service in 1951. Additional changes over the years have improved the firing rate first to 300 rpm (5.0 rounds per second), and later to 330 rpm (5.5 rps).Bofors 40 armed Swedish Combat Vehicle 90 (CV90)Foreign sales started, as they had in the past, with the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. In November 1953 it was accepted as theNATOstandard anti-aircraft gun, and was soon produced in the thousands. The L/70 was also used as the basis for a number of SPAAGs, including the U.S. Army's failedM247 Sergeant York. The UK'sRAF Regimentadopted the L70 to replace its L60 guns in 1957, retiring its last examples in 1977 and replacing them with theRapiersystem.In 1970sZastava Armsacquired from Bofors license to produce L/70 version together with laser-computer group.[30]. Ammunition 40mm for L/70 is locally produced for domestic use and export inSloboda Čačak[31]In 1979 theRoyal Netherlands Air Forceacquired 25KL/MSS-6720 Flycatcher radar systemand upgraded 75 of their 40L70s to create 25 firing units for staticair basedefence. The improved guns had an increased rate of fire (300 rounds/min) and theloading mechanismwas provided with extended guides so that it could hold 22 cartridges. A220 Vdiesel generatorwas mounted onto the undercarriage. This generator was powered by aVolkswagendiesel engine.In 1989 theRoyal Netherlands Armyacquired 30Flycatchersystems. Each Flycatcher was fielded with two modified Bofors 40L70G guns. The 'G' stands for 'Gemodificeerd', which is the Dutch word meaning 'modified'. In the 40L70G version the loading mechanism was further improved and could be recognized by open rear guides. The 40L70G guns were also provided with muzzle velocity radars.Early in the 1990s theRoyal Netherlands Air Force40L70s were upgraded to the 'G' version.In some versions of theSwedish ArmyCombat Vehicle 90there is a cartridge fed, automatic version of the L/70 autocannon installed. In order to fit inside the vehicle, the gun is mounted upside down. Newarmour piercingand programmable ammunition have also been developed. Germany has used L/70 guns on its Class 352, Class 333 and Class 332 mine hunting vessels, although these will be replaced by RheinmetallMLG 27remote-controlled gun systems until 2008. Until the early 80s L/70 guns guided by D7B radars were in widespread use in the anti-aircraft role in theGerman NavyandGerman Air Forceuntil replaced by Roland SAMs.[32]The L/70 is also used by theIndianAbhay IFVwhich carries 210APFSDSandhigh explosiverounds.[33]DARDO[edit]Main article:DARDOBreda(nowOto Melara) of Italy uses Bofors 40mm L/70 gun in its anti-aircraft weapon systems Type 64, Type 106, Type 107, Type 564 and Type 520. Also they have developed aCIWSsystem namedDARDOfor theItalian ArmyandNavy. A newer development from Breda, theFast Forty(essentially a DARDO gun mount with twin 40mm/L70 guns), has nearly doubled the rate of fire to 450 rpm (7.5 rounds per second) (2 × 450 in twin mount), normally equipped with a 736-round magazine and a dual feed mechanism for naval use.Other L/70 Variants[edit]L/70 BOFI (Bofors Optronic Fire control Instrument) gun system: Electro optic fire control system (with a computer and laser range finder) and proximity fused ammunition. A "fair weather system".[citation needed]L/70 BOFI-R (All weather): Multisensor fire control system with a J band radar. Provides automatic acquisition and tracking with an effective range of 4 km without external radar input.L/70 REMO (Renovation and Modernisation): Package aimed at extending life span and increasing effectiveness. Higher rate of fire, new fire control system/air burst programming, and ammunition.L/70 40mm Netherlands upgrade: New servo system, amplifiers, increased rate of fire (to 300 rds/min), ammo racks, and diesel power unit.L/70 40mm Spanish upgrade: Felis electro optic automatic tracking system (HD TV set, automatic tracking, telemetry laser, portable target designator, and radar interface)AOS 40mm L70 FADM (Field Air Defense Mount): Singapore Technologies electric drive aiming systemTRIDON 40mm L/70: Bofors installedVolvo 7256x6 truck with fully enclosed, armour protected cab for a crew of five, with only two crew required. Did not enter service.[34]LVS 40mm L/70: Equipped with LVS modular fire-control system by Saab. Entered service with the Swedish Army and Royal Thai Army in 1994 and 1997.[citation needed]Users[edit]Algeria[3]Argentina: L/60 and L/70[35]Australia[3]Austria[3]Bahrain: L/70[36]Bangladesh[3]Belgium: L/70 Bofors[37]Bosnia and Herzegovina: L/60 and L/70[38]Belize[3]Brazil: L/70[39]Brunei[3]Cambodia[3]Canada: L/60 Bofors M1A1 Bofors[41]Democratic Republic of the Congo: L/60[42]Katanga: Known asBeaufort[43]Cyprus: M1 Bofors[44]Czech RepublicDenmark: L/60 and L/70 Bofors[37]Djibouti: L/70[45]Dominican RepublicEcuador: M1A1 and L/70 Bofors[46]Egypt[3]EstoniaUsed by the air defence artillery group and on submarinesFinland: L/60 built under license before WW2[6], L/70 MkII in Rauma class missile corvettes and Katanpaa class minesweepersFrance: L/60[6]and L/70[37]Gabon: L/70[47]Germany: L/70 built under license[48]Georgia: Used on Coast Guard ships and vesselsGuatemala[3]Greece: L/60 built under license before WW2.[6]M1 Bofors also used.[37]Kingdom of Hungary: L/60 built under license. Also produced Bofors armed SPAAG40M_Nimród[6]India: Used both L/60 and L/70.[49]Bofors is L/70 built under license.[48]Indonesia: L/70[50]Iceland[3]Ireland:[51]Taken out of use in 2016 on decommissioning of last naval vessel using it.[citation needed]Iran: L/70[52]Iraq[3]Israel: L/70[53]Italy: Bofors M1 used under designationCannone contraero 40/60.[37]L/70 built under license byBreda.[37]Ivory Coast: L/60[54]Japan[3]Jordan[3]Kenya: L/70[55]South Korea: L/60, M1 and L/70 variants[56]Lebanon[3]Libya[3]Latvia: L/60[57]and L/70[58]Lithuania[3]Malaysia: M1 Bofors[60]Netherlands: L/70 built under license[48]Nepal: 2 L/60 guns[61]Nigeria: L/60[62]and L/70[63]Biafra: captured fromNigerian Army[64]Norway: L/60 built under license before WW2[6]Bofors M1 and L/70 also used.[37]New Zealand[3]Oman: L/60[65]Pakistan: L/60[66]Panama[3]Papua New GuineaParaguay: M1A1 and L/60[67]Peru: 24 Bofors L/60, originally ordered by Spain but not delivered due to the civil war.[68]Philippines[3]Poland: L/60 built under license as40-mm armata przeciwlotnicza wz 36[6]Portugal: M1 and L/70 Bofors[37]Qatar[3]Romania: 54 pieces delivered by Germany during the first half of World War II[69]Saudi Arabia: L/70[70]Senegal: L/60[71]Serbia: L/70[72]Singapore[3]Sudan[3]South Africa[3]South Korea[3]Spain: L/70 built under license[48]Sri of China: L/70[74]Thailand: M1 and L/70[75]Timor-LesteTurkey: Bofors M1[37], L/60[76]and L/70[37][76]United Arab Emirates[3]United Kingdom: L/60 and L/70 built under license[48]United States: L/60 and L/70 built under license[48]Soviet Union[77]Uruguay[3]South Vietnam[3]Vietnam[3]Venezuela: L/70 and M1A1[78]Yemen[3]See alsoBofors L/70 40mm automatic anti-aircraft gunDescription Technical Data Specifications Details view Pictures - VideoaDescriptionThe L/70 is an anti-aircraft gun 40mm caliber designed and manufactured by the Swedish Company Bofors. The Company was acquired in September 2000 by United Defense Industries, but since March 2005 has been a part of BAE Systems AB. The Bofors Defence 40 mm L/70 automatic anti-aircraft gun entered service with the Swedish Army in 1951 as the successor to the Bofors 40 mm L/60. Some upgrade package was made to the end of 2006 for the gun system and the ammunitions. The Bofors L/70 40mm is intended for engaging high speed air-craft flying at low altitude, its chief characteristics being high speeds of elevation and traverse combined with a high rate of fire. The gun is normally fired electrically from remote control. It can also be fired electrically from the gun position by means of the Bofors local power control. In case power supply fails, the gun can be operated purely mechanically from the mounting. The L/70 was used by many Western nations and was widely exported to Asia, the Middle East, Africa and South America. The L/70 remains in widespread use although many systems have been replaced by surface to air missiles or are relegated to a secondary role. The new L/70 gun has also been used in various naval mounts and serves as the main armament for theCV9040mechanized infantry fighting vehicle.VariantsL/70 BOFI TheBofors Defence 40 mm BOFI (Bofors Optronic Fire control Instrument)gun system consists of a modified version of the basic 40 mm L/70 Type B, BOFI electro optic fire control system and proximity fused ammunition.The fire-control system also includes a computer and laser range finder. Since it is of little use in adverse weather it is called a fair weather system. L/70 BOFI All weather or BOFI-R TheL/70 BOFI all-weatherhas a multisensor fire control system using a J band pulse Doppler radar as the main sensor. The radar gives the system an all weather operation and automatic acquisition and tracking capabilities. The BOFI-R can effectively engage fast moving targets out to 4 km without external radar input. L/70 REMO TheBofors Defence 40-mm L/70 Renovation and Modernisation (REMO)programme comprises a basic package, mainly for extending the gun's technical life span and several upgrading kits for increasing the effectiveness of the weapon. This includes a full overhaul and various upgrades that include a higher rate of fire, new fire control system and air burst programmer and ammunition. The new sight and fire control computer are the UTAAS, which is also fitted to the CV 90 mechanized infantry fighting vehicle. The air burst ammunition is of the 3P type. The L/70 REMO in Dutch service lack the UTAAS sight but are fitted with a diesel APU and Flycatcher fire control integration. L/70 40mm Netherlands upgrade Amodernized L/70 40mm versionwas used by the Netherlands army. The modernisation included the installation of a new servo system, new amplifiers, increased rate of fire kit (now 300 rds/min), ammunition racks and a diesel power unit. It is no longer in service within the Nertherlands armed forces. L/70 40mm Spanish upgrade A modernized version was used by the Spanish army. The system is equipped with Felis electro optic automatic tracking system. Felis consists of a high definition TV set with automatic tracking coupled to a telemetry laser, portable target designator and a radar interface. AOS 40mm L70 FADM Field Air Defence Mount Singapore technologies TheAOS 40mm L70 FADM (Field Air Defence Mount)is an improved field version of the combat proven, NATO standard 40mm L70 Air Defence Weapon System upgraded by Singapore Technologies defence Company. It is capable of intercepting all kinds of high speed aerial and surface targets and is equipped with an electric drive aiming system for high tracking and aiming accuracies in super-quick time. TRIDON 40mm L/70 self-propelled air defence gun TheTridon 40mm L/70is the gun system of Bofors installed on Volvo 725 6x6 truck chassis which is fitted with an armour-protected fully enclosed cab for the crew of five, although only two crew members are required to operate the system. It was never put into service. LVS 40mm L/70 Bofors L/70 40mm anti-aircraft gun equipped with the LVS modular fire-control system designed as a private venture by Saab. The system has been successfully trialled with the Swedish Army on an L70 gun and entered service with the Swedish Army in 1994 and, since 1997, in service with the Royal Thai Army. Technical DataBack to topArmamentThe Bofors L/70 40mm uses a single-barrel 40mm caliber. The gun is a development of the original 40 mm Bofors gun, the term L-70 referring to the length of the barrel in caliber. The mono bloc barrel is provided with a flash suppresser. The recuperator spring encircles the rear part of the barrel and this, together with the recuperator spring, forms an easily exchangeable unit. The recoil buffer is hydraulic and the breech mechanism has a vertically sliding breechblock, which opens and closes automatically. The rounds are loaded in 4 round clips, although most systems are fitted with a 26 round hopper. The cyclic rate of fire is 240 rpm and upgrade packages offer 300 rpm. The maximum effective range is 3 to 4 km. The Bofors L/70 40mm can fire a full range of ammunitions as the PFHE Mk2, HCHE, HE-T, APC-T, and P-T.DesignThe Bofors L/70 is mounted on a four wheel chassis and is usually towed by a 6x6 truck, which may also carry additional ammunition and the crew. In case of emergency the L/70 may be fired from its wheels with much reduced effectiveness. A shield sis fitted at the front and on each side of the turntable.OperationsThe Bofors L/70 40mm is based on a 4 wheel trailer with two outriggers and two jacks. The first version of the L/70 was based on four wheel carriage with four outriggers. The single 40mm L/70 auto cannon is mounted on a turntable. In firing position, one outrigger is deployed to each side and one jacks at the rear and the front for stabilizing the gun during firing. The crew of two consists of a gunner on the left and a loader on the right. There were two basic models of the L/70, Type A and B. Type B has a three phase 220 V 50 Hz APU mounted on the rear of the carriage, whereas Type A is fed from an external power source. The high rate of fire of 240 rds/min is obtained by ramming the rounds during the run out, with the empty cartridge cases ejected towards the end of recoil. In the remote control mode the power operation devices for elevating and traversing are controlled by the input signals received from a fire control system connected to the gun by a cable. The Bofors Defence precision remote control system with transistorized amplifiers is used. In remote control the data from the fire control equipment is transmitted with one cable and with Type B there is also a cable for connecting the gun with the power supply unit. In local control one person on the left side of the platform operates the gun. This joystick is used in combination with the close range sight if a central fire control system is not being used, is out of order, or if the gun is being operated as an independent unit.AccessoriesThere are two close range sights, model NIFE SRS 5, fitted on a sight bracket on the breech casing of the gun, one for the elevation layer and one for the traversing layer. Elevation and traverse are electro hydraulic with maximum elevation speed 45º/s and maximum traverse speed 85º/s. There are manual controls for emergency use.SpecificationsBack to topArmamentOne L/70 40 mm caliber barrelCountry usersMore than 50 countries in the world use the Bofors L/70 40 mm in several variants and configurations.Designer CountrySwedenAccessoriessight with centra fire control system, remote control with cable.Crew4 - 6 AmmunitionPFHE Mk2, HCHE, HE-T, APC-T, P-T.Weight5,500 to 5,700 kgaRange of fire3 to 4 kmTraverse - elevationTraverse: 360°Elevation: +90°/-4°DimensionsLength, 7.29 m; Width, 2.22 m; Height, 2.35 mDetails ViewBack to top Pictures - VideoBack to topaVisit Army Recognition Online digital database Army - Military - Defense Industry pictures magazine12345678910TheBofors 40mm gun, often referred to simply as theBofors gun,[4]is ananti-aircraftautocannondesigned in the 1930s by the Swedish arms manufacturerAB Bofors. It was one of the most popular medium-weight anti-aircraft systems duringWorld War II, used by most of the westernAlliesas well as some captured systems being used by theAxis powers. A small number of these weapons remain in service to this day, and saw action as late as thePersian Gulf War.In the post-war era, the original design was not suitable for action against jet-powered aircraft, so Bofors introduced a new model of significantly more power, the 40mm L/70. In spite of sharing almost nothing with the original design other than the calibre and the distinctive conicalflash hider, this weapon is also widely known simply as "the Bofors". Although not as popular as the original L/60 model, the L/70 remains in service, especially as a multi-purpose weapon for light armoured vehicles, as on theCV 90.Bofors has been part ofBAE Systems ABsince March 2005.Contents1 Development2 British versions2.1 Army and RAF Regiment versions2.2 Naval versions3 U.S. versions3.1 Manufacturing3.2 Naval3.3 Army3.4 Air Force4 Captured examples5 Variants5.1 40 mm L/435.2 40 mm L/605.2.1 AC-130 Gunship5.3 40 mm L/705.3.1 DARDO5.3.2 Other L/70 Variants6 Users7 See also8 References8.1 Notes8.2 Bibliography9 External linksDevelopment[edit]TheSwedish Navypurchased a number of2-pounderPom-PomsfromVickersas anti-aircraft guns in 1922. The Navy approached Bofors about the development of a more capable replacement. Bofors signed a contract in late 1928. Bofors produced a gun that was a smaller version of a 57mm (6-pounder) semi-automatic gun developed as an anti-torpedo boatweapon in the late 19th century byFinspång. Their first test gun was a re-barreledNordenfeltversion of the Finspång gun, to which was added a semi-automatic loading mechanism.Testing of this gun in 1929 demonstrated that a problem existed feeding the weapon in order to maintain a reasonable rate of fire. A mechanism that was strong enough to handle the stresses of moving the large round was too heavy to move quickly enough to fire rapidly. One attempt to solve this problem usedzincshell cases that burned up when fired. This proved to leave heavy zinc deposits in the barrel, and had to be abandoned. In the summer of 1930 experiments were made with a new test gun that did away with controlled feed and instead flicked the spent casing out the rear whereafter a second mechanism reloaded the gun by "throwing" a fresh round from the magazine into the open breech. This seemed to be the solution they needed, improving firing rates to an acceptable level, and the work on a prototype commenced soon after.During this periodKrupppurchased a one-third share of Bofors. Krupp engineers started the process of updating the Bofors factories to use modern equipment and metallurgy, but the 40mm project was kept secret.Finnish Bofors 40 mm. This gun mounts the original reflector sights, and lacks the armor found on British examples.The prototype was completed and fired in November 1931, and by the middle of the month it was firing strings of two and three rounds. Changes to the feed mechanism were all that remained, and by the end of the year it was operating at 130 rounds per minute. Continued development was needed to turn it into a weapon suitable for production, which was completed in October 1933. Since acceptance trials had been passed the year before, this became known as the "40mm akan M/32". Most forces referred to it as the "Bofors 40mm L/60", although the barrel was actually 56.25calibresin length, not the 60 calibres that the name implies.[citation needed]The gun fired a 900g (2.0lb)high explosive40 × 311R (rimmed) shell at 2,960ft/s (900m/s).[5]The rate of fire was normally about 120 rounds per minute (2.0 rounds per second), which improved slightly when the barrels were closer to the horizontal as gravity assisted the feeding from the top-mounted magazine. In practice firing rates were closer to 80–100 rpm (1.3–1.7 rounds per second), as the rounds were fed into the breech from four round clips which had to be replaced by hand. The maximum attainable ceiling was 7,200m (23,600ft), but the practical maximum was about 3,800m (12,500ft).The gun was provided with an advanced sighting system. The trainer and layer were both provided withreflector sightsfor aiming, while a third crew-member standing behind them "adjusted" for lead using a simple mechanical computer. Power for the sights was supplied from a 6Vbattery.British 40mm L/60 includes the British-designedStiffkey Sight, being operated by the gun layer standing on the right. The layer operates the trapeze seen above the sights, moving them to adjust for lead. The loader stands to the layer's left, and the two trainer/aimers are sitting on either side of the gun.In spite of the successful development, the Swedish Navy changed its mind and decided it needed a smaller hand-traversed weapon of 13mm-25mm size, and tested various designs from foreign suppliers. With the 40mm well along in development, Bofors offered a 25mm version in 1932, which was eventually selected as theBofors 25 mm M/32.The first version of the 40mm the Navy ordered was intended for use on submarines, where the larger calibre allowed the gun to be used for both AA and against smaller ships. The barrel was shorter at 42 calibers long, with the effect of reducing the muzzle velocity to about 700m/s (2,300ft/s). When not in use, the gun was pointed directly up and retracted into a watertight cylinder. The only known submarines that used this arrangement was theSjölejonet-classboats. The guns were later removed as the subs were modified with streamlined conning towers.The first order for the "real" L/60 was made by theDutch Navy, who ordered five twin-gun mounts for thecruiserDe Ruyterin August 1934. These guns were stabilized using theHazemeyer mount, in which one set of layers aimed the gun, while a second manually stabilized the platform the gun sat on. All five mounts were operated by one fire control system.Bofors also developed a towable carriage which they displayed in April 1935 at a show in Belgium. This mount allowed the gun to be fired from the carriage with no setup required, although with limited accuracy. If time was available for setup, the gunners used the tow-bar and muzzle lock as levers, raising the wheels off the ground and thereby lowering the gun onto supporting pads. Two additional legs folded out to the sides, and the platform was then leveled with hand cranks. The entire setup process could be completed in under a minute.Orders for the land based versions were immediate, starting with an order for eight weapons from Belgium in August 1935, and followed by a flood of orders from other forces including Poland, Norway, and Finland.[6]It was accepted into theSwedish Armythe next year, known as the "40mm lvakan m/36", the lower-case "m" indicating an Army model as opposed to the capital "M" for Navy.The Swedish Navy adopted the weapon as the m/36 in hand-worked single air-cooled, and power operated twin water-cooled version. A twin air-cooled mounting, probably hand-worked was also used by the navies of Sweden and Argentina and a twin air-cooled wet mounting was developed for Polish submarines.British versions[edit]Army and RAF Regiment versions[edit]Q.F. 40 mm Mk. 1 displayed atCFB Borden. This example mounts a Stiffkey Sight, and displays the additional armor protecting the gunners.Bofors gun on Armyhad first examined the weapon when they received a number of Polish-built examples in 1937 for testing, known as the "QF 40mm Mark I" (QF standing for"quick firing"), or "Mark I/2" after a minor change to theflash hider. A licence was acquired and the gun was converted frommetrictoimperialmeasurements. They also made numerous changes to the design to make it more suitable for mass production, as the original Bofors design was intended to be hand-assembled, and many parts were labeled "file to fit on assembly", requiring many man-hours of work to complete.Testing showed that aiming the guns against high-speed aircraft was a serious problem. Although the gun could be trained quickly, aiming accurately while doing so proved difficult. In order to address this, the British introduced a complexmechanical analogue computer, theKerrison Director, which drove the laying electrically. A three-man team operated the director simply by pointing it at the target whilst dialing in estimates for speed, range, and various atmospheric conditions. The director then aimed the guns directly through powered mounts, as the gunners loaded the clips. This eliminated the need for the lead-correcting reflector sights, which were replaced with a backup system consisting of a simple ring-and-post sight known as a "pancake".In this form, the "QF 40mm Mark III" (Mk II was a designation used fora Vickers "pom-pom"), became the Army's standard light AA (anti-aircraft) weapon, operating alongside their3-inchand3.7-inchheavy weapons. The gun was considered so important to the defence of Britain after the fall of France in 1940 that a movie,The Gun, was produced to encourage machinists to work harder and complete more of them. British production started slowly: by September 1939 only 233 equipments had been produced; but by the end of the war total production from British, Canadian and Australian factories was over 19,000. Peak production year was 1942 when British factories produced 5,025 and Canadian factories produced 1,311.[7]Bofors L/60 sighting system, left side.In combat it was found that the Kerrison was difficult to set up to use in many situations, as well as makinglogisticsmore complex due to the need to keep its electrical generator supplied with fuel. In most engagements only the pancake sights were used, without any form of correction, making the British versions less capable than those used by other forces. Eventually an anti-aircraft gunnery school on the range atStiffkeyon theNorfolkcoast delivered a workable solution, a trapeze-like arrangement that moved the pancake sights to offer lead correction, operated by a new crew-member standing behind the left-hand layer. The "Stiffkey Sight" was sent out to units in 1943, arriving in Canadian units in the midst of theBattle of the Aleutian Islands. A final wartime change to the elevation mechanism resulted in the "QF 40mm Mark XII". They also designed a much lighter two-wheeled carriage forairborneuse.The Army also experimented with variousself-propelled anti-aircraft systemsbased on varioustankchassis. Changes to the breech for this role created the "QF 40mm Mark VI", which was used on theCrusaderto produce theCrusader III AA Mark I. The main self-propelled version of the Bofors used the gun set on the chassis of aMorris Commercialfour-wheel drive lorry, this was known as the "Carrier, SP, 4x4 40mm, AA (Bofors) 30cwt". Such guns were used in support of Army divisions to provide swift protection against air attack without the need to unlimber. They saw service in North West Europe, where six SP Bofors of 92nd (Loyals) Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Royal Artillery, landed with theBritish 3rd Infantry DivisiononSword Beachon D-Day to protect the vital bridges over theCaen CanalandOrne River(Pegasus BridgeandHorsa Bridge), shooting down 17 German planes. Later in the campaign, SP Bofors were used extensively for ground shoots as well as in an anti-aircraft role. In British army service the Bofors found a highly specialised role: during theNorth Africa Campaignat theSecond Battle of El Alamein, they were used to firetracerhorizontally to mark safe paths for units through the German minefields. This practice was further developed during operations in North-West Europe, where bursts of colour-coded tracer were used to define the axis of advance of the different formations in large-scale night attacks.The formation of theRAF Regimentin February 1942 (in response to the Army's failure to defend airfields onCrete, which resulted in strategic defeat on the island to numerically inferior German forces) signalled the transfer of responsibility for defending airfields to the RAF from the Army. This included low-level air defence and the Bofors L60—to the same design as the Army version—was the principal weapon for the RAF Regiment's Light Anti-Aircraft squadrons in North Africa, Malta, Italy, the Balkans, the UK (including the allocation of fifty-two squadrons toOperation DIVER), and North Western Europe (fromD-Daythrough to the cessation of hostilities). No 2875 Squadron RAF Regiment, employing the L60, became the first unit to shoot down a jet aircraft, aMe 262, with ground-based anti-aircraft fire, atHelmondin the Netherlands on 28 November 1944. Although the Allied air forces had achieved air superiority after D-Day, forward airfields continued to be high priority targets for the Luftwaffe when the opportunity presented and this ensured that the RAF Regiment's L60s continued to be heavily used. For example, during theArdennes Offensive, RAF Regiment Light Anti-Aircraft squadrons shot down 43 German aircraft and damaged 28 others during attacks on eleven RAF forward airfields on New Year's Day 1945. After World War 2, the RAF Regiment continued to employ the L60 as its principal anti-aircraft weapon until it was replaced by the L70 gun in 1957. The guns were deployed in the UK, Germany, Cyprus, the Middle East, and the Far East (there had been insufficient L60s available to equip the RAF Regiment's squadrons in the Far East during the war; these having to make do mostly withHispanoandOerlikonguns).Naval versions[edit]Twin Bofors 40 mm aboardORPBłyskawica, a WWII destroyer of thePolish Navy.Single Bofors 40 mm Boffin mounting, displayed atCFB Borden. In 1996 museum pieces like this cannon were pressed back into service to serve as the main armament of theKingston-class minesweepers.[8]TheRoyal Navyalso made extensive use of the Bofors. Their first examples were air-cooled versions quickly adapted to ships during thewithdrawal from Norway. With thefall of western Europein 1940 the Dutch mine-layerWillem van der Zaanbrought them their first example of a water-cooled gun on their Hazemeyer tri-axially stabilized mounting. Locally produced examples started arriving in 1942, known as the "QF 40mm Mark IV" for use in twin-mounts, or the "QF 40mm Mark V" for single mounts. The Navy ran through a variety of versions of the basic Bofors gun over the war, including the Mark VII to Mark XI. The Royal Navy's home-grown light anti-aircraft weapon, theQF 2-pounder gun, also had a caliber of 40mm, but was referred to as the QF 2-pdr.The designation of models in Royal Navy service can be confusing as the gun and its mounting received separate mark numbers. The following mountings were used;Mark I: twin mounting based on American design and using American built guns, not widely fitted. Fitted for remotefire control.Mark II: quadruple version similar to Mark IMark III: a navalized version of the Army single mounting, hand worked elevation and training.Mark IV: a tri-axially stabilized twin mounting copied from, and usually known as, the "Hazemeyer". It had on-mounting fire control, and was usually fitted with Radar Type 282 to provide target range information.Mark V: twin mounting, that superseded and eventually replaced the Mark IV, often referred to as the "utility" mounting. This was a simplified, unstabilised mounting based on the American twin mounting Mark I, and was designed for remote fire control.Mark VI: a six-barreled weapon feeding from large trays instead of clips and designed for remote control from a dedicated radar-equipped director.Mark VII: a single barreled, hydraulically powered mounting that superseded the Mark III and entered service in 1945.Mark IX: Mark VII mount modified to electrical power, as the Mounting Mark IX, and in this form saw service in theFalklands War.The Mounting Mark V (Mark VC for Canadian built examples) for the20 mm OerlikonandQF 2 pounderguns was also adopted initially as an interim mount for the Bofors. It was a single-barreled mounting with hydraulic power, and was known as the "Boffin".The final British Bofors mounting that saw service was the "stabilized tachymetric anti-aircraft gun" (STAAG) which was twin-barrelled, stabilised, and carried its own tachymetric (i.e. predictive) fire control system, based around the centimeter Radar Type 262, capable of "locking on" to a target. This mounting was heavy (17.5 tons) and the high-vibration environment of the gun mounting was poor location for sensitive valve electronics and mechanical computers. STAAG Mark I carried the radar dish over the gun barrels where it was subject to damage during firing, therefore STAAG Mark II shifted the set to the roof of the control cabin. STAAG was ultimately too difficult to maintain in the harsh environment of a warship and was later replaced by the Mounting Mark V with the fire control equipment located remotely, the single Mark VII and ultimately, with theSea Cat missile. The final version of STAAG was fitted to the RNType 12Whitbyanti-submarine frigates and theType 41/Type 61diesel frigates completed 1956–1958. HMNZSRoyalistwas also fitted with STAAG Mk 2 during modernisation, completed in 1956. Initially it had three STAAG CIWS, the STAAG in Q position was removed in 1960, but it carried two mounts until the end of its service in South East Asian waters, in 1965. The crew ofRoyalistappeared to find the STAAG a reasonably effective and impressive anti-aircraft weapon duringOperation Musketeerin 1956, off Egypt.U.S. versions[edit]Manufacturing[edit]In order to supply both the US Army and US Navy with much greater numbers of the guns,Chryslerbuilt 60,000 of the guns and 120,000 barrels through the war,[1]at half the original projected cost, and filling the Army's needs by 1943.[9]Over the lifetime of the production, their engineers introduced numerous additional changes to improve mass production, eventually reducing the overall time needed to build a gun by half; most of these changes were in production methods rather than the design of the gun itself.[9][10]York Safe & Lock also produced the weapons, though its attempts to coordinate drawings across the program were unsuccessful, and this responsibility was transferred to theNaval Gun Factoryin July 1943.[11]There were many difficulties in producing the guns within the United States, beyond their complexity (illustrated by the use of 2,000 subcontractors in 330 cities and 12 Chrysler factories to make and assemble the parts). The drawings were metric, in Swedish and read from thefirst angle of projection. Chrysler had to translate to English, fix absolute dimensions, and switch to the third angle of projection. Chrysler engineers also tried to simplify the gun, unsuccessfully, and to take high speed movies to find possible improvements, but this was not possible until near the end of the war.[9]Naval[edit]A MK 12 quadruple mount of Bofors guns fires fromUSSHornetTheUnited States Navy'sBureau of Ordnancepurchased a twin-mount air-cooled example, spare parts and 3,000 rounds of ammunition directly from Bofors, which arrived in New York on 28 August 1940 aboard the Army transportUSATAmerican Legion, which had evacuated 897 people, including members of the Norwegian royal family, through the Finnish port ofPetsamo.[12]During that month another Dutch ship, theVan Kinsbergen, demonstrated the Hazemeyer mount to Navy observers. The gun was quickly chosen as the Navy's standard anti-aircraft weapon over the British 40mm calibre,2-pounder pom-pom; however, negotiations with Bofors for licensed production stalled when the Swedes requested airplane export and manufacturing licenses in return.[11]Reportedly, the Navy secretly imported a set ofimperialdesigns from Britain and started production illegally. A formal contract with Bofors was reached in June 1941. The resulting Mark 1 and Mark 2 weapons were intended for the left and right side of a twin mount, respectively, and were adapted by Chrysler for water cooling.[9]Following theattack on Pearl Harboron 7 December 1941, the existing1.1" (28 mm) quad mountand.50 caliber machine gunswere determined to be inadequate against modern aircraft, and their replacement by 40mm Bofors and20 mm Oerlikonweapons was accelerated. The water-cooled version was used almost exclusively by the US Navy and Coast Guard. The 40mm quadruple mount was developed by essentially mounting two twin mounts side-by-side.[11]A major improvement was the addition of power operation to both twin and quadruple mounts. Essentially all US naval mountings were twin or quadruple. 40mm weapons were eventually mounted on virtually every naval and armed auxiliary vessel larger than a small landing craft.[11]After the war, the3"/50 caliber gunMark 27 twin mount began to replace the Bofors, because the "VT"proximity fusewould not fit a 40mm projectile, and the 40mm weapon was considered inadequate against the emerginganti-ship missilethreat. The twin 3" mount was intended to be the same weight as the 40mm quad mount, but was somewhat heavier in practice, which had to be compensated for. Except on destroyers and new construction, the Navy was slow in phasing out the 40mm gun, and it continued in active Navy service through the Korean War. It remained on inactiveReserve fleetships at least through the early 1970s.[13]The Navy's satisfaction with the weapons was demonstrated by their practice of telegraphing Chrysler Corporation with the serial numbers of guns when they shot down an aircraft.[9]Army[edit]Two 40 mm M1 guns on US Army mountingsIn 1938 theUnited States Armyintroduced a37mm gunof their own design, but found it to be of limited performance. In early World War II, six British Bofors were imported for testing, along withKerrison Predictordirectors, and they proved to be superior in all areas. By the middle part of the war, most of the 37mm guns had been replaced by the 40mm.In U.S. Army and Marine Corps service, the single mount Bofors was known as the40mm Automatic Gun M1.[14]The U.S. version of the gun fired three variants of the British Mk. II high-explosive shell as well as the M81A1 armor-piercing round, which was capable of penetrating some 50mm of homogeneous armor plate at a range of 500 yards.In the Army, each Anti-Aircraft Artillery (AAA) auto-weapons battalion was authorized a total of thirty-two 40mm guns in its four firing batteries.[15][16]Each US Marine division had a "special weapons battalion" that included sixteen 40mm guns; in early 1944 these were replaced with anti-aircraft battalions with twelve 40mm guns.Marine defense battalionsalso used the 40mm gun.[17]All of these unit types also included other AA weapons.During World War II, the twin mount version of the gun was mounted on anM24 Chaffeetank chassis as theM19 Gun Motor Carriage. In the 1950s, theM41 Walker Bulldogtank was heavily modified into theM42 Dusterwith the same twin 40mm mounting. After being largely withdrawn from service in the early 1960s, the M42 was re-introduced beginning in 1966 for theVietnam War, where it was mostly used for ground fire support. Following the withdrawal from Vietnam in the early 1970s, the M42 was retained inNational Guardservice until finally retired in 1988.Air Force[edit]SeeBofors 40 mm gun §AC-130 GunshipCaptured examples[edit]In World War II Germany, theWehrmachtused a number of Bofors guns which had been captured in Poland and France. TheKriegsmarinealso operated some guns obtained from Norway. In German naval use, the gun was designated the "4cm Flak 28", and was used aboard the cruisersAdmiral HipperandPrinz Eugentoward the end of the war.[18]Beginning in 1942, several E-boats were equipped with the Flak 28 to enable them to fight against British MGBs and MTBs on equal terms.Germany also purchased a large number (200+) ofHungarian madeBofors guns. In return, Hungary received75 mm PAK gunsfor every 4-5 Bofors. Then Wehrmacht used Hungarian guns after German occupation of Hungary from late 1944. Most of them lost during the fights inBudapestandTrandanubia.[19]Japan captured a number of Bofors guns inSingaporeand put them into production as the Type 5.Both Japan and West Germany continued to use the Bofors gun throughout the Cold War. TheFederal German navyused it in destroyers, frigates, and fast patrol boats until 1984, and in minesweepers to the present day.Variants[edit]40 mm L/43[edit]Bofors L/43 is asubmarinevariant of L/60 with retractable mounting, and using low propellant charge ammunition.[20][21][22]40 mm L/60[edit]The L/60 Bofors fitted to theKingston-classcoastal defence vesselHMCSNanaimoTwin L/60 dismounted from anArgentinian corvettewhich saw service during the Falklands warSome ofHMASSydney's 40 mm L/60 guns firing off Korea in 1951.L/60 is anautocannonusing 40x311mmR ammunition. Although the L/60 was later replaced in production by the L/70, it remained in front-line service well into the 1980s. In most cases, these were the ground anti-aircraft versions, as a suitable replacement in this role did not come along until the introduction of truly effectiveMANPADSmissiles in the 1980s.In United States Army service, theM19 Gun Motor Carriagewas replaced by theM42 Duster, using the same turret but based on the chassis of theM41 Walker Bulldogtank.The L/60 saw active service with the Argentinian and British navies in the 1982Falklands Warand continued to be used into the 1990s, when it was replaced by modern 20 mm and 30 mm artillery.TheCanadian Forcesalso used Bofors on their surface fleet, removed the guns in the late 1980s when they were considered to be outdated, only to re-use old Bofors guns as the main armament of theKingston-classcoastal defence vessel.[8]The Bofors served as the main armament for almost 20 years.[23]The decision to remove them was made in 2014, due to their maintenance burden, and their lack of stabilization.As of August 2006, the French navy uses L/60s on more than twenty ships (patrols and auxiliaries). Ships of theNorwegianandIcelandic Coast Guardscontinue to use the 40mm Bofors gun. The L/60 continued in use in theIrish Armyuntil recent years, when it was retired in favour of the radar-controlled L/70. TheIrish Naval ServiceP20 class retained L/60s on board as their main weapon until the 1990s but were rearmed with L/70s. The last remaining P20-class patrol vessel, (LÉAisling) decommissioned in 2016, was the final vessel fitted with the L/70. Two retired L/60s can be seen adjacent the square in Sarsfield Barracks, Limerick.The last 40mm/60 Bofors in service with theRoyal Australian Navy(RAN) were used as the main weapon aboard theAttackclassandFremantleclasspatrol boats and for training purposes at the West Head gunnery range atHMASCerberus.[24]These were removed from service during 2007; Bofors were used aboard almost every RAN ship to operate between the 1940s and the 1990s, including the aircraft carriersSydneyandMelbourne.[24]As of 2012, the L/60 is still in use by the military of Brazil, Indonesia, Paraguay and Taiwan.AC-130 Gunship[edit]Bofors guns on a Spectre gunshipSince the beginning of the 1970s Bofors L/60s have been used in theUnited States Air Force'sAC-130 gunshipsin theair-to-groundrole.[25]Between 2006 and 2012, there were plans to remove these and theM61 Vulcansfrom newer AC-130U variants and replace them with 30 mm autocannons. However, these plans did not come to fruition at the time, and the Bofors and Vulcans are still in service[26], though the latest W- and upcoming J-model variants sport 30 mmMk44 Bushmaster IIautocannons instead.[27][28]When four additional AC-130Us were to be converted from 2002, the necessary 40mm L/60 guns had to be salvaged from old M42 targets at the Nellis AFB range.[29]40 mm L/70[edit]New Serbian hybrid SPAAA 40mm and SAM –PASARS16.Brazilian Marine Corps shooting a Bofors L/70.By the end of World War II, jet aircraft had so increased the speed of attack that the Bofors simply could not get enough rounds into the air to counter the aircraft before it had already flown out of range. In order to effectively engage these threats, the gun would have to have longer range and a higher rate of fire, thereby increasing the number of rounds fired over the period of an engagement. Bofors considered either updating the 40mm, or alternately making a much more powerful57mm design. In the end they did both.The new 40mm design used a larger 40×365R round firing a slightly lighter 870 g shell at a much higher 1,030m/s (3,379 fps) muzzle velocity. The rate of fire was increased to 240 rounds per minute[1](4.0 rounds per second), similar to the GermanFlak 43. Additionally, the carriage was modified to be power-laid, the power being supplied by a generator placed on the front of the carriage. The first version was produced in 1947, accepted in 1948 as the "40mm lvakan m/48", and entered Swedish service in 1951. Additional changes over the years have improved the firing rate first to 300 rpm (5.0 rounds per second), and later to 330 rpm (5.5 rps).Bofors 40 armed Swedish Combat Vehicle 90 (CV90)Foreign sales started, as they had in the past, with the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. In November 1953 it was accepted as theNATOstandard anti-aircraft gun, and was soon produced in the thousands. The L/70 was also used as the basis for a number of SPAAGs, including the U.S. Army's failedM247 Sergeant York. The UK'sRAF Regimentadopted the L70 to replace its L60 guns in 1957, retiring its last examples in 1977 and replacing them with theRapiersystem.In 1970sZastava Armsacquired from Bofors license to produce L/70 version together with laser-computer group.[30]. Ammunition 40mm for L/70 is locally produced for domestic use and export inSloboda Čačak[31]In 1979 theRoyal Netherlands Air Forceacquired 25KL/MSS-6720 Flycatcher radar systemand upgraded 75 of their 40L70s to create 25 firing units for staticair basedefence. The improved guns had an increased rate of fire (300 rounds/min) and theloading mechanismwas provided with extended guides so that it could hold 22 cartridges. A220 Vdiesel generatorwas mounted onto the undercarriage. This generator was powered by aVolkswagendiesel engine.In 1989 theRoyal Netherlands Armyacquired 30Flycatchersystems. Each Flycatcher was fielded with two modified Bofors 40L70G guns. The 'G' stands for 'Gemodificeerd', which is the Dutch word meaning 'modified'. In the 40L70G version the loading mechanism was further improved and could be recognized by open rear guides. The 40L70G guns were also provided with muzzle velocity radars.Early in the 1990s theRoyal Netherlands Air Force40L70s were upgraded to the 'G' version.In some versions of theSwedish ArmyCombat Vehicle 90there is a cartridge fed, automatic version of the L/70 autocannon installed. In order to fit inside the vehicle, the gun is mounted upside down. Newarmour piercingand programmable ammunition have also been developed. Germany has used L/70 guns on its Class 352, Class 333 and Class 332 mine hunting vessels, although these will be replaced by RheinmetallMLG 27remote-controlled gun systems until 2008. Until the early 80s L/70 guns guided by D7B radars were in widespread use in the anti-aircraft role in theGerman NavyandGerman Air Forceuntil replaced by Roland SAMs.[32]The L/70 is also used by theIndianAbhay IFVwhich carries 210APFSDSandhigh explosiverounds.[33]DARDO[edit]Main article:DARDOBreda(nowOto Melara) of Italy uses Bofors 40mm L/70 gun in its anti-aircraft weapon systems Type 64, Type 106, Type 107, Type 564 and Type 520. Also they have developed aCIWSsystem namedDARDOfor theItalian ArmyandNavy. A newer development from Breda, theFast Forty(essentially a DARDO gun mount with twin 40mm/L70 guns), has nearly doubled the rate of fire to 450 rpm (7.5 rounds per second) (2 × 450 in twin mount), normally equipped with a 736-round magazine and a dual feed mechanism for naval use.Other L/70 Variants[edit]L/70 BOFI (Bofors Optronic Fire control Instrument) gun system: Electro optic fire control system (with a computer and laser range finder) and proximity fused ammunition. A "fair weather system".[citation needed]L/70 BOFI-R (All weather): Multisensor fire control system with a J band radar. Provides automatic acquisition and tracking with an effective range of 4 km without external radar input.L/70 REMO (Renovation and Modernisation): Package aimed at extending life span and increasing effectiveness. Higher rate of fire, new fire control system/air burst programming, and ammunition.L/70 40mm Netherlands upgrade: New servo system, amplifiers, increased rate of fire (to 300 rds/min), ammo racks, and diesel power unit.L/70 40mm Spanish upgrade: Felis electro optic automatic tracking system (HD TV set, automatic tracking, telemetry laser, portable target designator, and radar interface)AOS 40mm L70 FADM (Field Air Defense Mount): Singapore Technologies electric drive aiming systemTRIDON 40mm L/70: Bofors installedVolvo 7256x6 truck with fully enclosed, armour protected cab for a crew of five, with only two crew required. Did not enter service.[34]LVS 40mm L/70: Equipped with LVS modular fire-control system by Saab. Entered service with the Swedish Army and Royal Thai Army in 1994 and 1997.[citation needed]Users[edit]Algeria[3]Argentina: L/60 and L/70[35]Australia[3]Austria[3]Bahrain: L/70[36]Bangladesh[3]Belgium: L/70 Bofors[37]Bosnia and Herzegovina: L/60 and L/70[38]Belize[3]Brazil: L/70[39]Brunei[3]Cambodia[3]Canada: L/60 Bofors M1A1 Bofors[41]Democratic Republic of the Congo: L/60[42]Katanga: Known asBeaufort[43]Cyprus: M1 Bofors[44]Czech RepublicDenmark: L/60 and L/70 Bofors[37]Djibouti: L/70[45]Dominican RepublicEcuador: M1A1 and L/70 Bofors[46]Egypt[3]EstoniaUsed by the air defence artillery group and on submarinesFinland: L/60 built under license before WW2[6], L/70 MkII in Rauma class missile corvettes and Katanpaa class minesweepersFrance: L/60[6]and L/70[37]Gabon: L/70[47]Germany: L/70 built under license[48]Georgia: Used on Coast Guard ships and vesselsGuatemala[3]Greece: L/60 built under license before WW2.[6]M1 Bofors also used.[37]Kingdom of Hungary: L/60 built under license. Also produced Bofors armed SPAAG40M_Nimród[6]India: Used both L/60 and L/70.[49]Bofors is L/70 built under license.[48]Indonesia: L/70[50]Iceland[3]Ireland:[51]Taken out of use in 2016 on decommissioning of last naval vessel using it.[citation needed]Iran: L/70[52]Iraq[3]Israel: L/70[53]Italy: Bofors M1 used under designationCannone contraero 40/60.[37]L/70 built under license byBreda.[37]Ivory Coast: L/60[54]Japan[3]Jordan[3]Kenya: L/70[55]South Korea: L/60, M1 and L/70 variants[56]Lebanon[3]Libya[3]Latvia: L/60[57]and L/70[58]Lithuania[3]Malaysia: M1 Bofors[60]Netherlands: L/70 built under license[48]Nepal: 2 L/60 guns[61]Nigeria: L/60[62]and L/70[63]Biafra: captured fromNigerian Army[64]Norway: L/60 built under license before WW2[6]Bofors M1 and L/70 also used.[37]New Zealand[3]Oman: L/60[65]Pakistan: L/60[66]Panama[3]Papua New GuineaParaguay: M1A1 and L/60[67]Peru: 24 Bofors L/60, originally ordered by Spain but not delivered due to the civil war.[68]Philippines[3]Poland: L/60 built under license as40-mm armata przeciwlotnicza wz 36[6]Portugal: M1 and L/70 Bofors[37]Qatar[3]Romania: 54 pieces delivered by Germany during the first half of World War II[69]Saudi Arabia: L/70[70]Senegal: L/60[71]Serbia: L/70[72]Singapore[3]Sudan[3]South Africa[3]South Korea[3]Spain: L/70 built under license[48]Sri of China: L/70[74]Thailand: M1 and L/70[75]Timor-LesteTurkey: Bofors M1[37], L/60[76]and L/70[37][76]United Arab Emirates[3]United Kingdom: L/60 and L/70 built under license[48]United States: L/60 and L/70 built under license[48]Soviet Union[77]Uruguay[3]South Vietnam[3]Vietnam[3]Venezuela: L/70 and M1A1[78]Yemen[3] . 4741
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