David Dingle crossings, world voyages, leisure cruisesParentCarnival Corporation & plcWebsitewww.cunard.comSir Samuel Cunard, 1stBtCunard(/ˈkjuːnɑːrd/) is a British shipping andcruise linebased atCarnival HouseatSouthampton, England, operated byCarnival UKand owned byCarnival Corporation & plc.[1]Since 2011, Cunard and its three ships have been registered inHamilton, Bermuda.[2][3]
In 1839,Samuel Cunardwas awarded the first British transatlanticsteamshipmail contract, and the next year[4]formed theBritish and North American Royal Mail Steam-Packet Companyin Glasgow with shipownerSir George Burnstogether withRobert Napier, the famous Scottish steamship engine designer and builder, to operate the line\'s four pioneer paddle steamers on the Liverpool–Halifax–Boston route. For most of the next 30 years, Cunard held theBlue Ribandfor the fastest Atlantic voyage. However, in the 1870s Cunard fell behind its rivals, theWhite Star Lineand theInman Line. To meet this competition, in 1879 the firm was reorganised as theCunard Steamship Company Ltd, to raise capital.[5]
In 1902, White Star joined the American-ownedInternational Mercantile Marine Co.In response, the British Government provided Cunard with substantial loans and a subsidy to build twosuperlinersneeded to retain Britain\'s competitive position.Mauretaniaheld the Blue Riband from 1909 to 1929. Her running mate,Lusitania, was torpedoed in 1915 during theFirst World War.
In 1919, Cunard relocated its British homeport from Liverpool to Southampton,[6]better to cater for travellers from London.[6]In the late 1920s, Cunard faced new competition when the Germans, Italians and French built large prestige liners. Cunard was forced to suspend construction on its own new superliner because of the Great Depression. In 1934, the British Government offered Cunard loans to finishQueen Maryand to build a second ship,Queen Elizabeth, on the condition that Cunard merged with the then-ailing White Star Line to formCunard-White Star Line. Cunard owned two-thirds of the new company. Cunard purchased White Star\'s share in 1947; the name reverted to the Cunard Line in 1950.[5]
Upon the end of the Second World War, Cunard regained its position as the largest Atlantic passenger line. By the mid-1950s, it operated 12 ships to the United States and Canada. After 1958, transatlantic passenger ships became increasingly unprofitable because of the introduction ofjet airliners. Cunard undertook a brief foray into air travel via the \"Cunard Eagle\" and \"BOAC Cunard\" airlines, but withdrew from the airline market in 1966. Cunard withdrew from its year-round service in 1968 to concentrate on cruising and summer transatlantic voyages for holiday makers. The Queens were replaced byQueen Elizabeth 2(QE2), which was designed for the dual role.[7]
In 1998, Cunard was acquired by theCarnival Corporation, and accounted for 8.7% of that company\'s revenue in 2012.[8]In 2004,QE2was replaced on the transatlantic runs byQueen Mary 2(QM2). The line also operatesQueen Victoria(QV) andQueen Elizabeth(QE). As of 2022, Cunard is the only shipping company to still operate a scheduled passenger service between Europe and North America.
In 2017, Cunard announced a fourth ship would join its fleet.[9]This was initially scheduled for 2022 but delayed until 2024 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The ship has since been namedQueen CSL Group Inc.House flagTypePrivate CanadaArea servedGlobalKey peopleLouis Martel(CEO)Number of employees2000+Websitewww.cslships.com
Canada Steamship Lines(CSL) is ashippingcompany with headquarters inMontreal,Quebec, Canada. The business has been operating for well over a century and a half.
BeginningsHouse flag of Quebec Steamship Company used until the 1950s, especially on the Saint Lawrence River.House flag introduced in the 1950s on the Great Lakes, added a maple leaf around 1965, same as the newflag of Canada.CSL had humble beginnings inCanada Eastin 1845, operating river boats on theSaint Lawrence Riverin general commerce. The Richelieu Navigation Company was established byJacques-Félix Sincennesand other Montreal businessmen.[1]The company was amalgamated withSir Hugh Allan\'s Canadian Navigation Company, to form theRichelieu and Ontario Navigation Company, in 1875.[2]Subsequent growth over the years was tied to expansion of the canal system on the upper St. Lawrence River (the precursor to theSaint Lawrence Seaway), and to a newWelland Canalconnecting to the upperGreat Lakes.
The year of 1911 saw the merger of Richelieu and Ontario Navigation Company withJames Playfair\'s Northern Navigation Company. In 1911 the Richelieu And Ontario Navigation Co. were allowed to increase their capital stock. At a special meeting of shareholders held on June 26, it was decided to increase the stock from $5,000,0000 to $10,000,000, with the distribution of new shares to be issued by the directors. The majority of the shares of the Northern Navigation Co. Ltd. and of the Inland Lines Ltd. were purchased and paid for with fully paid up stock of the R. And O Navigation Co. Five additional directors were added to the reorganized Richelieu And Ontario Navigation Co. James Playfair became the vice president and managing director.[3]The companies were allowed to continue operating under their respective names from that time.[4]
In 1912 the Richelieu and Ontatio Navigation Co. took over theNiagara Navigation Company, covering operation of the under the banner of theNiagara-Toronto Divisionand theHamilton Divisionincluding the Hamilton Steamboat Company\'s steamshipsMacassaandModjeskawere also acquired along with theTurbinia,formerly owned by the Turbine Steamship Co. Both companies had been absorbed into the Niagara Navigation Company. From that time, on, the new company advertised their services via the tag line \"Niagara To The Sea\" in brochures, indicating their coverage of the passenger trades from the Niagara to the St. Lawrence regions.[5]
The launching of the Northern NavigationNoronicwas set for June 2, 1913. A large number of Richelieu and Ontario Navigation Co.\'s directors and guests went from Sarnia, Ontario on theHamonicto witness the event. Shortly after theHamonicentered Lake Superior, the managing director James Playfair was notified of the passing of his father John S. Playfair and he was transferred mid-lake to an R and O freighter, about 80 miles (130km) from Sault Ste. Marie and returned to Toronto by special train. The christening of theNoronicwas performed by Mrs. E. Bristol, the wife of another director, instead of by Mrs. Playfair, as at first intended.[6]
A special meeting of the shareholders of Richelieu And Ontario Navigation Co. was held in the company\'s office in Montreal, on June 19, 1913, to ratify an agreement of sale of the company\'s assets to a new company formed for that purpose. The new company was to be called Canada Transportation Lines Limited and would include acquisition of: Richelieu And Ontario Navigation Company Ltd.; Inland Lines Ltd.; Northern Navigation Co. Ltd,; St. Lawrence River Steamboat Co. Ltd.; Richelieu And Ontario Navigation Co. of the United States.; Quebec Steamship Co. Ltd.; Canada Interlake Line, Ltd.; Ontario and Quebec Navigation Co., Ltd.; Merchants\' Montreal Line; SSHaddingtonand Thousand Island Steamboat Co., Ltd.[6]
In the early part of December it was announced that Canada Transportation Lines would be renamed Canada Steamship Lines Italy
Italian Lineand from 1992Italia Line, whose official name wasItalia di NavigazioneS.p.A., was a passengershipping linethat operated regulartransatlanticservices betweenItalyand the United States, and Italy and South America. During the late 1960s the company turned to runningcruises, and from 1981 it became a globalfreightoperator.
HistoryHouse flagused by Italian LineThe company was founded in 1932 through a merger of theGenoa-basedNavigazione Generale Italiana(NGI), theTurin-basedLloyd Sabaudo, and theTrieste-basedCosulich STNlines, encouraged by the Italian government. The new company acquired the Cosulich-owned shipsSaturniaandVulcania, the Lloyd Sabaudo-ownedConte Rosso,Conte BiancamanoandConte Grandeand the NGI-ownedGiulio Cesare,Duilio,RomaandAugustus. The same year two previously orderedocean linerswere delivered to the company:Rex, that won theBlue Ribandin 1933, andConte di Savoia.
Giulio Cesare, built in 1923, in Italian Line service 1932–1937In World War II the company lost many ships, includingRexandConte di Savoia. Others were captured by theUnited Statesand converted intotroopships; four of them survived the war:Conte Biancamano,Conte Grande,Saturnia, andVulcania.
Commercial service was resumed in 1947 under the company\'s new nameSocietà di navigazione Italia. In addition to the four vessels returned to the company by the United States, two new vessels,Andrea DoriaandCristoforo Colombowere commissioned in 1953 and 1954. In 1956,Andrea Doria, the company\'s three-year-old flagship collided with theSwedishshipStockholmnearNantucketand sank, with passenger deaths estimated at 46 or 55. The company replacedAndrea DoriawithLeonardo da Vinci, which went into service in 1960. This ship was based on the same design asAndrea Doria, but was larger, and featured technical innovations.
In the late 1950saircraftpassenger travel had yet to have a noticeable effect on ocean-going passenger numbers between the United States and theMediterranean. The Italian Line, therefore, ordered two new ships:MichelangeloandRaffaello. Building the ships took longer than expected, and they were not delivered until 1965. Being late into service, they were unable to compete profitably on the North Atlantic route. Although planned for cruising as an alternative, the ships had several design flaws that made their use as cruise ships problematic.
Despite huge financial loss, the Italian Line operated the transatlantic route until 1976, after which theLeonardo da Vinciwas withdrawn from service; theMichelangeloandRaffaellohad been sold the previous year. TheCristopher Columbowas also withdrawn from service at this time. TheLeonardo da Vincibecame a cruise ship in 1977–78, after which it was withdrawn due to high fuel costs. In 1979 and 1980 the company operated two ex-Lloyd Triestinoliners,Galileo GalileiandGuglielmo Marconi, as cruise ships, but this again proved unprofitable.
Because of the unprofitability of the cruise business, the Italian Line turned to freight shipping. It operated its principalcontainer servicesbetween theMediterranean, the west coast of North America, and Central and South America, carrying about 180,000twenty-foot equivalent units(TEU) of freight in 2001.
Previously owned by the Italian government, the company was privatized in 1998 when sold tod\'Amico Società di Navigazione. In August 2002, it was acquired byCP Ships, and in 2005 theItalian Linename ceased to exist following CP\'s one-brand strategy. CP Ships itself was bought-out in late 2005 byTUI AG, and merged withHapag-Lloydin KingdomNameGeorgicOwner
- 1932–1934:White Star Line
- 1934–1944:Cunard-White Star Line
- 1944–1946:Ministry of War Transport
- 1946–1956:Ministry of Transport
Operator- 1932–1934:White Star Line
- 1934–1949:Cunard-White Star Line
- 1949–1956:Cunard Line
RouteLiverpool - New YorkBuilderHarland and Wolff[1]Yard number896[1]Launched12 November 1931Completed10 June 1932[1]Maiden voyage25 June 1932In service1932–1941, 1945–1956Out of service1956FateBombed and sunk July 1941, salvaged by Shipbreaking Industries Ltd October 1941, refloated and refurbished 1942–1944, resumed service as a troop transport in 1945, resumed civilian service 1948, scrapped 1956.General characteristicsTypeOcean linerTonnage27,759gross register tonsLength711ft (216.7m)PropulsionTwin propellers, diesel propulsionSpeed18 knots (33km/h; 21mph)Capacity1,542 passengersMVGeorgicwas the last ship built for theWhite Star Linebefore its merger with theCunard Line. Built atHarland and Wolffshipyard inBelfast, she was the running mate ofMVBritannic. LikeBritannic,Georgicwas amotorship, and not asteamer, fitted with adieselpowerplant. At the time of her launch in 1931, she was the largest British motorship.
After a successful career as a liner in the 1930s,Georgicwas requisitioned as atroopshipin 1940. She was severely damaged and sunk in 1941 by a German bombing raid whilst docked atPort Tewfikin Egypt. After being refloated and extensively rebuilt, she returned to service as a troopship in 1944, and continued in service for both military and civilian uses until 1956, when she was withdrawn from service and on her Maiden Voyage.HistoryUnited KingdomNameMVBritannicOperator
- 1930–34:White Star Line
- 1934–49:Cunard-White Star Line
- 1950–60:Cunard Line
Port of registryLiverpoolRoute- 1930–35: Liverpool –New York
- 1935–39:London– New York
- 1947–60: Liverpool – New York
Ordered1927BuilderHarland and Wolff,BelfastYard number807Laid down14 April 1927Launched6 August 1929Completed1930Maiden voyage28 June 1930In service1930Out of service1961Refit1947Identification- UKofficial number162316
- Code lettersLGCF
- Call signGDXF
FateScrapped 1961General characteristicsTypeOcean linerTonnage- As built: 26,943GRT, 16,445NRT
- Post 1947 re-fit: 27,666GRT, 15,811NRT[1]
Length683.6ft (208.4m)Beam82.4ft (25.1m)Draught30ft (9.1m)Depth48.6ft (14.8m)Installed power20,000NHPPropulsion- 2 × 10-cylinderdiesel engines
- 2 ×propeller
Speed19.5 knots (36.1km/h; 22.4mph)Range6,500 nautical miles (12,000km; 7,500mi)Capacity- As built:
- 504 cabin class
- 551 tourist class
- 498 third class
- 1947 re-fit:
- 429 first class
- 564 tourist class[1]
- cargo:
- 2 ×refrigerated cargoholds, 72,440cuft (2,051m3)
- 6 × non-refrigerated holds
Sensors and
processing systems- Submarine signalling
- Wirelessdirection finding
- by 1934:Gyrocompass
Armament- (asDEMS):
- 1 ×BL 6-inch Mk XII naval gun
- 1 ×QF 3-inch 20 mate:Georgic
MVBritannicwas a Britishtransatlanticocean linerthat was launched in 1929 and scrapped in 1961. She was the penultimate ship built forWhite Star Linebefore its 1934 merger withCunard Line. When built,Britannicwas the largestmotor shipin theUK Merchant Navy. Her running mate ship was theMVGeorgic.
In 1934 White Star merged withCunard Line; however, bothBritannicandGeorgicretained their White Star Line colours and flew thehouse flagsof both companies.
From 1935 the pair servedLondon, and at the time they were the largest ships to do so. From early in her careerBritannicoperated oncruisesas well as scheduled transatlantic services. Diesel propulsion, economical speeds and modern \"cabin ship\" passenger facilities enabledBritannicandGeorgicto make a profit throughout the 1930s, when many other liners were unable to do so.
In theSecond World WarBritannicwas atroop ship. In 1947 she was overhauled, re-fitted, modernised and returned to civilian service. She outlived her sisterGeorgicand became the last White Star liner still in commercial service.Britannicwas scrapped in 1961 after three decades of service.
She was the last of three White Star Line ships calledBritannic. The firstBritannicwas asteamshiplaunched in 1874 and scrapped in 1903. The second was launched in 1914, completed as thehospital shipHMHSBritannicand sunk by aminein strive to find rare and unusual vintage pieces to match up with your special collection.
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