RARE Billhead - Gowan & Richardson Fruits - Boston MA 1848 $47.66 Bill Oranges for Sale

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RARE Billhead - Gowan & Richardson Fruits - Boston MA 1848 $47.66 Bill Oranges For Sale

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RARE Billhead - Gowan & Richardson Fruits - Boston MA 1848 $47.66 Bill Oranges:
$78.00

RARE Original Advertising Billhead

Gowen & Richardson
Fruits, etc.
Large Bill for Oranges, etc.
Boston, Massachusetts
1848

For offer, a very nice old Advertisingbill head! Fresh from an old prominent estate. Never offered on the market until now. Vintage, Old, Original - NOTa Reproduction - Guaranteed !!

Early billhead. Charles Gowan and D. Richardson, dealers in fruits, beans, dried apples, vegetables, etc. Feneuil Hall Market. Large bill for oranges, lemons, cocoanuts, eggs and apples. For warden Paine - not sure if he was a Warden of a prison or if that was his name. Other documents from this group were for theBristol county correctional facility / jail. Unusual and interesting! Manuscript writing. In good to very good condition. Please see photos. NOTE: Will be sent folded up along lines, as it was found. Please see photos and scans for all details and condition. If you collect19thcentury Americana advertisement ad history, United States of America printing, American manufacturing, industry, farming, market, etc.this is a nice one for your paper or ephemera collection. Genealogy research importance as well. Combine shipping on multiple offer wins! 2575

The orange is the fruit of various citrus species in the family Rutaceae (see list of plants known as orange); it primarily refers to Citrus × sinensis,[1] which is also called sweet orange, to distinguish it from the related Citrus × aurantium, referred to as bitter orange. The sweet orange reproduces asexually (apomixis through nucellar embryony); varieties of sweet orange arise through mutations.[2][3][4][5]
The orange is a hybrid between pomelo (Citrus maxima) and mandarin (Citrus reticulata).[2][6] The chloroplast genome, and therefore the maternal line, is that of pomelo.[7] The sweet orange has had its full genome sequenced.[2]
The orange originated in a region encompassing Southern China, Northeast India, and Myanmar,[8][9] and the earliest mention of the sweet orange was in Chinese literature in 314 BC.[2] As of 1987, orange trees were found to be the most cultivated fruit tree in the world.[10] Orange trees are widely grown in tropical and subtropical climates for their sweet fruit. The fruit of the orange tree can be eaten fresh, or processed for its juice or fragrant peel.[11] As of 2012, sweet oranges accounted for approximately 70% of citrus production.[12]
In 2019, 79 million tonnes of oranges were grown worldwide, with Brazil producing 22% of the total, followed by China and India.[13]
Taxonomy and terminologyMain article: Citrus taxonomyAll citrus trees belong to the single genus Citrus and remain almost entirely interfertile. This includes grapefruits, lemons, limes, oranges, and various other types and hybrids. As the interfertility of oranges and other citrus has produced numerous hybrids and cultivars, and bud mutations have also been selected, citrus taxonomy is fairly controversial, confusing or inconsistent.[12][14] The fruit of any citrus tree is considered a hesperidium, a kind of modified berry; it is covered by a rind originated by a rugged thickening of the ovary wall.[15][16]
Different names have been given to the many varieties of the species. Orange applies primarily to the sweet orange – Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck. The orange tree is an evergreen, flowering tree, with an average height of 9 to 10 m (30 to 33 ft), although some very old specimens can reach 15 m (49 ft).[17] Its oval leaves, alternately arranged, are 4 to 10 cm (1.6 to 3.9 in) long and have crenulate margins.[18] Sweet oranges grow in a range of different sizes, and shapes varying from spherical to oblong. Inside and attached to the rind is a porous white tissue, the white, bitter mesocarp or albedo (pith).[19] The orange contains a number of distinct carpels (segments) inside, typically about ten, each delimited by a membrane, and containing many juice-filled vesicles and usually a few seeds (pips).[20] When unripe, the fruit is green. The grainy irregular rind of the ripe fruit can range from bright orange to yellow-orange, but frequently retains green patches or, under warm climate conditions, remains entirely green. Like all other citrus fruits, the sweet orange is non-climacteric. The Citrus sinensis group is subdivided into four classes with distinct characteristics: common oranges, blood or pigmented oranges, navel oranges, and acidless oranges.[21][22][23]
Other citrus groups also known as oranges are:
Mandarin orange (Citrus reticulata) is an original species of citrus, and is a progenitor of the common orange.Bitter orange (Citrus aurantium), also known as Seville orange, sour orange (especially when used as rootstock for a sweet orange tree), bigarade orange and marmalade orange. Like the sweet orange, it is a pomelo x mandarin hybrid, but arose from a distinct hybridization event.[24]Bergamot orange (Citrus bergamia Risso), grown mainly in Italy for its peel, producing a primary essence for perfumes, also used to flavor Earl Grey tea. It is a hybrid of bitter orange x lemon.[25]Trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata), sometimes included in the genus (classified as Citrus trifoliata). It often serves as a rootstock for sweet orange trees and other Citrus cultivars.[26]
Mandarin orangesAn enormous number of cultivars have, like the sweet orange, a mix of pomelo and mandarin ancestry. Some cultivars are mandarin-pomelo hybrids, bred from the same parents as the sweet orange (e.g. the tangor and ponkan tangerine). Other cultivars are sweet orange x mandarin hybrids (e.g. clementines). Mandarin traits generally include being smaller and oblate, easier to peel, and less acidic.[27] Pomelo traits include a thick white albedo (rind pith, mesocarp) that is more closely attached to the segments.
Orange trees generally are grafted. The bottom of the tree, including the roots and trunk, is called rootstock, while the fruit-bearing top has two different names: budwood (when referring to the process of grafting) and scion (when mentioning the variety of orange).[28]
EtymologyMain article: Orange (word)The word orange derives from the Sanskrit word for \"orange tree\" (नारङ्ग nāraṅga), which in turn derives from a Dravidian root word (compare narandam/naranja which refers to Bitter orange in Tamil and Malayalam).[29] The Sanskrit word reached European languages through Persian نارنگ (nārang) and its Arabic derivative نارنج (nāranj).
The word entered Late Middle English in the fourteenth century via Old French orenge (in the phrase pomme d\'orenge).[30] The French word, in turn, comes from Old Provençal auranja, based on Arabic nāranj.[29] In several languages, the initial n present in earlier forms of the word dropped off because it may have been mistaken as part of an indefinite article ending in an n sound—in French, for example, une norenge may have been heard as une orenge. This linguistic change is called juncture loss. The color was named after the fruit,[31] and the first recorded use of orange as a color name in English was in 1512.[32][33]A closeup of an orange blossomAs Portuguese merchants were presumably the first to introduce the sweet orange to some regions of Europe, in several modern Indo-European languages the fruit has been named after them. Some examples are Albanian portokall, Bulgarian портокал (portokal), Greek πορτοκάλι (portokali), Macedonian portokal, Persian پرتقال (porteghal), Turkish portakal and Romanian portocală.[34][35] Related names can be found in other languages, such as Arabic البرتقال (bourtouqal), Georgian ფორთოხალი (pʰortʰoxali) and Amharic birtukan.[34] Also, in some of the Italian regional languages (e.g. Neapolitan), an orange is portogallo or purtuallo, literally \"(the) Portuguese (one)\", in contrast to the Italian arancia.
In other Indo-European languages, the words for orange allude to the eastern origin of the fruit and can be translated literally as \"apple from China\". Some examples are German Apfelsine (alternative name for Orange and common in northern Germany), Dutch appelsien and sinaasappel, Swedish apelsin, Russian апельсин (apelsin) and Norwegian appelsin.[35] A similar case is Puerto Rican Spanish china.[36][37]
Various Slavic languages use the variants pomaranč (Slovak), pomeranč (Czech), pomaranča (Slovene), and pomarańcza (Polish), all from Old French pomme d\'orenge.[38][39]
History
Yellow Oranges and Green Tangerines by Zhao Lingrang, Chinese fan painting from the Song dynasty (NPM)The sweet orange is not a wild fruit,[17] having arisen in domestication from a cross between a non-pure mandarin orange and a hybrid pomelo that had a substantial mandarin component. Since its chloroplast DNA is that of pomelo, it was likely the hybrid pomelo, perhaps a BC1 pomelo backcross, that was the maternal parent of the first orange.[7][40] Based on genomic analysis, the relative proportions of the ancestral species in the sweet orange is approximately 42% pomelo and 58% mandarin.[41] All varieties of the sweet orange descend from this original cross, differing only by mutations selected for during agricultural propagation.[40] Sweet oranges have a distinct origin from the bitter orange, which arose independently, perhaps in the wild, from a cross between pure mandarin and pomelo parents.[40] The earliest mention of the sweet orange in Chinese literature dates from 314 B.C.[2]
In Europe, the Moors introduced the orange to the Iberian Peninsula which was known as Al-Andalus, with large scale cultivation starting in the 10th century as evidenced by complex irrigation techniques specifically adapted to support orange orchards.[42] Citrus fruits — among them the bitter orange — were introduced to Sicily in the 9th century during the period of the Emirate of Sicily, but the sweet orange was unknown until the late 15th century or the beginnings of the 16th century, when Italian and Portuguese merchants brought orange trees into the Mediterranean area.[10] Shortly afterward, the sweet orange quickly was adopted as an edible fruit. It also was considered a luxury item and wealthy people grew oranges in private conservatories, called orangeries. By 1646, the sweet orange was well known throughout Europe.[10] Louis XIV of France had a great love of orange trees, and built the grandest of all royal Orangeries at the Palace of Versailles.[43] At Versailles potted orange trees in solid silver tubs were placed throughout the rooms of the palace, while the Orangerie allowed year-round cultivation of the fruit to supply the court. When Louis condemned his finance minister, Nicolas Fouquet, in 1664, part of the treasures which he confiscated were over 1,000 orange trees from Fouquet\'s estate at Vaux-le-Vicomte.[44]
Spanish travelers introduced the sweet orange into the American continent. On his second voyage in 1493, Christopher Columbus may have planted the fruit in Hispaniola.[45] Subsequent expeditions in the mid-1500s brought sweet oranges to South America and Mexico, and to Florida in 1565, when Pedro Menéndez de Avilés founded St Augustine. Spanish missionaries brought orange trees to Arizona between 1707 and 1710, while the Franciscans did the same in San Diego, California, in 1769.[10] An orchard was planted at the San Gabriel Mission around 1804 and a commercial orchard was established in 1841 near present-day Los Angeles. In Louisiana, oranges were probably introduced by French explorers.
Archibald Menzies, the botanist and naturalist on the Vancouver Expedition, collected orange seeds in South Africa, raised the seedlings onboard and gave them to several Hawaiian chiefs in 1792. Eventually, the sweet orange was grown in wide areas of the Hawaiian Islands, but its cultivation stopped after the arrival of the Mediterranean fruit fly in the early 1900s.[10][46]
As oranges are rich in vitamin C and do not spoil easily, during the Age of Discovery, Portuguese, Spanish, and Dutch sailors planted citrus trees along trade routes to prevent scurvy.
Florida farmers obtained seeds from New Orleans around 1872, after which orange groves were established by grafting the sweet orange on to sour orange orange vendor in Ilorin, Kwara, peeling the skin of an orangeCommon oranges (also called \"white\", \"round\", or \"blond\" oranges) constitute about two-thirds of all the orange production. The majority of this crop is used for juice extraction.[21][23]
ValenciaMain article: Valencia orange
An orange grove in FloridaThe Valencia orange is a late-season fruit, and therefore a popular variety when navel oranges are out of season. This is why an anthropomorphic orange was chosen as the mascot for the 1982 FIFA World Cup, held in Spain. The mascot was named Naranjito (\"little orange\") and wore the colors of the Spanish national football team.
Thomas Rivers, an English nurseryman, imported this variety from the Azores Islands and catalogued it in 1865 under the name Excelsior. Around 1870, he provided trees to S. B. Parsons, a Long Island nurseryman, who in turn sold them to E. H. Hart of Federal Point, Florida.[47]
HamlinThis cultivar was discovered by A. G. Hamlin near Glenwood, Florida, in 1879. The fruit is small, smooth, not highly colored, and juicy, with a pale yellow colored juice, especially in fruits that come from lemon rootstock. The fruit may be seedless, or may contain a number of small seeds. The tree is high-yielding and cold-tolerant and it produces good quality fruit, which is harvested from October to December. It thrives in humid subtropical climates. In cooler, more arid areas, the trees produce edible fruit, but too small for commercial use.[17]
Trees from groves in hammocks or areas covered with pine forest are budded on sour orange trees, a method that gives a high solids content. On sand, they are grafted on rough lemon rootstock.[10] The Hamlin orange is one of the most popular juice oranges in Florida and replaces the Parson Brown variety as the principal early-season juice orange. This cultivar is now[needs update] the leading early orange in Florida and, possibly, in the rest of the world.[17]
Other
A variety of oranges being sold at a market in the PhilippinesBahia: grown in Brazil and UruguayBali: grown in Bali, Indonesia. Larger than other orangeBelladonna: grown in ItalyBerna: grown mainly in SpainBiondo Comune (\"ordinary blond\"): widely grown in the Mediterranean basin, especially in North Africa, Egypt, Greece (where it is called \"koines\"), Italy (where it is also known as \"Liscio\"), and Spain; it also is called \"Beledi\" and \"Nostrale\";[21] in Italy, this variety ripens in December, earlier than the competing Tarocco variety[48]Biondo Riccio: grown in ItalyByeonggyul: grown in Jeju Island, South KoreaCadanera: a seedless orange of excellent flavor grown in Algeria, Morocco, and Spain; it begins to ripen in November and is known by a wide variety of trade names, such as Cadena Fina, Cadena sin Jueso, Precoce de Valence (\"early from Valencia\"), Precoce des Canaries, and Valence san Pepins (\"seedless Valencia\");[21] it was first grown in Spain in 1870[49]Calabrese or Calabrese Ovale: grown in ItalyCarvalhal: grown in PortugalCastellana: grown in SpainCharmute: grown in BrazilCherry Orange: grown in southern China and JapanClanor: grown in South AfricaDom João: grown in PortugalFukuhara: grown in JapanGardner: grown in Florida, this mid-season orange ripens around the beginning of February, approximately the same time as the Midsweet variety; Gardner is about as hardy as Sunstar and Midsweet[50]Homosassa: grown in FloridaJaffa orange: grown in the Middle East, also known as \"Shamouti\"Jincheng: the most popular orange in ChinaJoppa: grown in South Africa and TexasKhettmali: grown in Israel and LebanonFile:Cross Cut Orange.ogvA cross cutting scan of the interior of an orangeKona: a type of Valencia orange introduced in Hawaii in 1792 by Captain George Vancouver; for many decades in the nineteenth century, these oranges were the leading export from the Kona district on the Big Island of Hawaii; in Kailua-Kona, some of the original stock still bears fruitLima: grown in BrazilLue Gim Gong: grown in Florida, is an early scion developed by Lue Gim Gong, a Chinese immigrant known as the \"Citrus Genius\"; in 1888, Lue cross-pollinated two orange varieties – the Hart\'s late Valencia and the Mediterranean Sweet – and obtained a fruit both sweet and frost-tolerant; this variety was propagated at the Glen St. Mary Nursery, which in 1911 received the Silver Wilder Medal by the American Pomological Society;[10][51] originally considered a hybrid, the Lue Gim Gong orange was later found to be a nucellar seedling of the Valencia type,[52] which is properly called Lue Gim Gong; since 2006, the Lue Gim Gong variety is grown in Florida, although sold under the general name ValenciaMacetera: grown in Spain, it is known for its unique flavor
Orange seedling — although hybrid, oranges usually come true from seed, through maternal apomixis.Malta: grown in PakistanMaltaise Blonde: grown in north AfricaMaltaise Ovale: grown in South Africa and in California under the names of Garey\'s or California Mediterranean SweetMarrs: grown in Texas, California and Iran, it is relatively low in acidMedan: grown in Medan, IndonesiaMidsweet: grown in Florida, it is a newer scion similar to the Hamlin and Pineapple varieties, it is hardier than Pineapple and ripens later; the fruit production and quality are similar to those of the Hamlin, but the juice has a deeper color[50]Moro Tarocco: grown in Italy, it is oval, resembles a tangelo, and has a distinctive caramel-colored endocarp; this color is the result of a pigment called anthocarpium, not usually found in citruses, but common in red fruits and flowers; the original mutation occurred in Sicily in the seventeenth centuryNarinja: grown in Andhra, South IndiaParson Brown: grown in Florida, Mexico, and Turkey, it once was a widely grown Florida juice orange, its popularity has declined since new varieties with more juice, better yield, and higher acid and sugar content have been developed; it originated as a chance seedling in Florida in 1865; its fruits are round, medium large, have a thick, pebbly peel and contain 10 to 30 seeds; it still is grown because it is the earliest maturing fruit in the United States, usually maturing in early September in the Valley district of Texas,[23] and from early October to January in Florida;[50] its peel and juice color are poor, as is the quality of its juice[23]Pera: grown in Brazil, it is very popular in the Brazilian citrus industry and yielded 7.5 million metric tons in 2005Pera Coroa: grown in BrazilPera Natal: grown in BrazilPera Rio: grown in BrazilPineapple: grown in North and South America and IndiaPontianak: oval-shaped orange grown especially in Pontianak, IndonesiaPremier: grown in South AfricaRhode Red: is a mutation of the Valencia orange, but the color of its flesh is more intense; it has more juice, and less acidity and vitamin C than the Valencia; it was discovered by Paul Rhode in 1955 in a grove near Sebring, FloridaRoble: it was first shipped from Spain in 1851 by Joseph Roble to his homestead in what is now Roble\'s Park in Tampa, Florida; it is known for its high sugar contentQueen: grown in South AfricaSalustiana: grown in North AfricaSathgudi: grown in Tamil Nadu, South IndiaSeleta, Selecta: grown in Australia and Brazil, it is high in acidShamouti Masry: grown in Egypt; it is a richer variety of ShamoutiSunstar: grown in Florida, this newer cultivar ripens in mid-season (December to March) and it is more resistant to cold and fruit-drop than the competing Pineapple variety; the color of its juice is darker than that of the competing Hamlin[50]Tomango: grown in South AfricaVerna: grown in Algeria, Mexico, Morocco, and SpainVicieda: grown in Algeria, Morocco, and SpainWestin: grown in BrazilXã Đoài orange: grown in VietnamNavelNavel oranges are characterized by the growth of a second fruit at the apex, which protrudes slightly and resembles a human navel. They are primarily grown for human consumption for various reasons: their thicker skin makes them easy to peel, they are less juicy and their bitterness – a result of the high concentrations of limonin and other limonoids – renders them less suitable for juice.[21] Their widespread distribution and long harvest period have made navel oranges very popular. In the United States, they are available from November to April, with peak supplies in January, February, and March.[53]
According to a 1917 study by Palemon Dorsett, Archibald Dixon Shamel and Wilson Popenoe of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), a single mutation in a Selecta orange tree planted on the grounds of a monastery in Bahia, Brazil, probably yielded the first navel orange between 1810 and 1820.[54] Nevertheless, a researcher at the University of California, Riverside, has suggested that the parent variety was more likely the Portuguese navel orange (Umbigo), described by Antoine Risso and Pierre Antoine Poiteau in their book Histoire naturelle des orangers (\"Natural History of Orange Trees\", 1818–1822).[54] The mutation caused the orange to develop a second fruit at its base, opposite the stem, embedded within the peel of the primary orange.[55] Navel oranges were introduced in Australia in 1824 and in Florida in 1835. In 1873, Eliza Tibbets planted two cuttings of the original tree in Riverside, California, where the fruit became known as \"Washington\".[56] This cultivar was very successful, and rapidly spread to other countries.[54] Because the mutation left the fruit seedless, therefore sterile, the only method to cultivate navel oranges was to graft cuttings onto other varieties of citrus trees. The California Citrus State Historic Park and the Orcutt Ranch Horticulture Center preserve the history of navel oranges in Riverside.
Today, navel oranges continue to be propagated through cutting and grafting. This does not allow for the usual selective breeding methodologies, and so all navel oranges can be considered fruits from that single, nearly 200 year-old tree: they have exactly the same genetic make-up as the original tree and are clones. This case is similar to that of the common yellow seedless banana, the Cavendish, or that of the Granny Smith apple. On rare occasions, however, further mutations can lead to new varieties.[54]
Cara caraSlices of common and cara cara oranges on a plateCara cara orange slices (left)Cara cara oranges (also called \"red navel\") are a type of navel orange grown mainly in Venezuela, South Africa and in California\'s San Joaquin Valley. They are sweet and comparatively low in acid,[57] with a bright orange rind similar to that of other navels, but their flesh is distinctively pinkish red. It is believed that they have originated as a cross between the Washington navel and the Brazilian Bahia navel,[58] and they were discovered at the Hacienda Cara Cara in Valencia, Venezuela, in 1976.[59]
South African cara caras are ready for market in early August, while Venezuelan fruits arrive in October and Californian fruits in late November.[57][58]
OtherBahianinha or BahiaDream NavelLate NavelWashington or California NavelBloodSectioned oranges on a plateComparison between the inside and the outside of regular and blood oranges (two segments at upper left)Main article: Blood orangeBlood oranges[10] are a natural mutation of C. sinensis, although today the majority of them are hybrids. High concentrations of anthocyanin give the rind, flesh, and juice of the fruit their characteristic dark red color. Blood oranges were first discovered and cultivated in Sicily in the fifteenth century. Since then they have spread worldwide, but are grown especially in Spain and Italy under the names of sanguina and sanguinella, respectively.
The blood orange, with its distinct color and flavor, is generally considered favorably as a juice, and has found a niche as an ingredient variation in traditional Seville marmalade.
Maltese: a small and highly colored variety, generally thought to have originated in Italy as a mutation and cultivated there for centuries. It also is grown extensively in southern Spain and Malta. It is used in sorbets and other desserts due to its rich burgundy color. Moro, originally from Sicily, it is common throughout Italy. This medium-sized fruit has a relatively long harvest, which lasts from December to April. Sanguinelli, a mutant of the Doble Fina, was discovered in 1929 in Almenara, in the Castellón province of Spain. It is cultivated in Sicily. Tarocco is relatively new variety developed in Italy. It begins to ripen in late January.[48]
AcidlessAcidless oranges are an early-season fruit with very low levels of acid. They also are called \"sweet\" oranges in the United States, with similar names in other countries: douce in France, sucrena in Spain, dolce or maltese in Italy, meski in North Africa and the Near East (where they are especially popular), şeker portakal (\"sugar orange\") in Turkey,[60] succari in Egypt, and lima in Brazil.[21]
The lack of acid, which protects orange juice against spoilage in other groups, renders them generally unfit for processing as juice, so they are primarily eaten. They remain profitable in areas of local consumption, but rapid spoilage renders them unsuitable for export to major population centres of Europe, Asia, or the United States.[21]
HybridSweet oranges have also given rise to a range of hybrids, notably the grapefruit, which arose from a sweet orange x pomelo backcross. A spontaneous backcross of the grapefruit and sweet orange then resulted in the orangelo. Spontaneous and engineered backcrosses between the sweet orange and mandarin oranges or tangerines has produced a group collectively known as tangors, which includes the clementine and Murcott. More complex crosses have also been produced. The so-called Ambersweet orange is actually a complex sweet orange x (Orlando tangelo x clementine) hybrid, legally designated a sweet orange in the United States so it can be used in orange juices.[41][61] The citranges are a group of intergeneric sweet orange x trifoliate orange hybrids.
AttributesSensory factorsSkeletal model of octyl acetateOctyl acetate, a volatile compound contributing to the fragrance of orangesThe taste of oranges is determined mainly by the relative ratios of sugars and acids, whereas orange aroma derives from volatile organic compounds, including alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, terpenes, and esters.[62][63] Bitter limonoid compounds, such as limonin, decrease gradually during development, whereas volatile aroma compounds tend to peak in mid– to late–season development.[64] Taste quality tends to improve later in harvests when there is a higher sugar/acid ratio with less bitterness.[64] As a citrus fruit, the orange is acidic, with pH levels ranging from 2.9[65] to 4.0.[65][66]
Sensory qualities vary according to genetic background, environmental conditions during development, ripeness at harvest, postharvest conditions, and storage duration.[62][63]
Oranges, raw,all commercial varietiesNutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)Energy 197 kJ (47 kcal)Carbohydrates11.75 gSugars 9.35 gDietary fiber 2.4 gFat0.12 gProtein0.94 gVitamins Quantity%DV†Vitamin A equiv. 1%11 μgThiamine (B1) 8%0.087 mgRiboflavin (B2) 3%0.04 mgNiacin (B3) 2%0.282 mgPantothenic acid (B5) 5%0.25 mgVitamin B6 5%0.06 mgFolate (B9) 8%30 μgCholine 2%8.4 mgVitamin C 64%53.2 mgVitamin E 1%0.18 mgMinerals Quantity%DV†Calcium 4%40 mgIron 1%0.1 mgMagnesium 3%10 mgManganese 1%0.025 mgPhosphorus 2%14 mgPotassium 4%181 mgZinc 1%0.07 mgOther constituents QuantityWater 86.75 gLink to USDA Database entryUnitsμg = micrograms • mg = milligramsIU = International units†Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults.Source: USDA FoodData CentralNutritional value and phytochemicalsOrange flesh is 87% water, 12% carbohydrates, 1% protein, and contains negligible fat (table). In a 100 gram reference amount, orange flesh provides 47 calories, and is a rich source of vitamin C, providing 64% of the Daily Value. No other micronutrients are present in significant amounts (table).
Oranges contain diverse phytochemicals, including carotenoids (beta-carotene, lutein and beta-cryptoxanthin), flavonoids (e.g. naringenin)[67] and numerous volatile organic compounds producing orange aroma, including aldehydes, esters, terpenes, alcohols, and ketones.[68]Orange squeezer for making juiceOrange juice contains only about one-fifth the citric acid of lime or lemon juice (which contain about 47 g/l).[69]
GradingSee also: Food gradingThe United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) has established the following grades for Florida oranges, which primarily apply to oranges sold as fresh fruit: US Fancy, US No. 1 Bright, US No. 1, US No. 1 Golden, US No. 1 Bronze, US No. 1 Russet, US No. 2 Bright, US No. 2, US No. 2 Russet, and US No. 3.[70] The general characteristics graded are color (both hue and uniformity), firmness, maturity, varietal characteristics, texture, and shape. Fancy, the highest grade, requires the highest grade of color and an absence of blemishes, while the terms Bright, Golden, Bronze, and Russet concern solely discoloration.
Grade numbers are determined by the amount of unsightly blemishes on the skin and firmness of the fruit that do not affect consumer safety. The USDA separates blemishes into three categories:
General blemishes: ammoniation, buckskin, caked melanose, creasing, decay, scab, split navels, sprayburn, undeveloped segments, unhealed segments, and wormy fruitInjuries to fruit: bruises, green spots, oil spots, rough, wide, or protruding navels, scale, scars, skin breakdown, and thorn scratchesDamage caused by dirt or other foreign material, disease, dryness, or mushy condition, hail, insects, riciness or woodiness, and sunburn.[70]The USDA uses a separate grading system for oranges used for juice because appearance and texture are irrelevant in this case. There are only two grades: US Grade AA Juice and US Grade A Juice, which are given to the oranges before processing. Juice grades are determined by three factors:
The juiciness of the orangeThe amount of solids in the juice (at least 10% solids are required for the AA grade)The proportion of anhydric citric acid in fruit solids
Still life with oranges on a plate, 1640
Jean-Baptiste Oudry, The Orange Tree, 1740CultivationClimate
An orange tree covered and damaged from snow, in the Netherlands
Orange grove in CaliforniaLike most citrus plants, oranges do well under moderate temperatures—between 15.5 and 29 °C (59.9 and 84.2 °F)—and require considerable amounts of sunshine and water. It has been suggested the use of water resources by the citrus industry in the Middle East is a contributing factor to the desiccation of the region. Another significant element in the full development of the fruit is the temperature variation between summer and winter and, between day and night. In cooler climates, oranges can be grown indoors.
As oranges are sensitive to frost, there are different methods to prevent frost damage to crops and trees when subfreezing temperatures are expected. A common process is to spray the trees with water so as to cover them with a thin layer of ice that will stay just at the freezing point, insulating them even if air temperatures drop far lower. This is because water continues to lose heat as long as the environment is colder than it is, and so the water turning to ice in the environment cannot damage the trees. This practice, however, offers protection only for a very short time.[71] Another procedure is burning fuel oil in smudge pots put between the trees. These devices burn with a great deal of particulate emission, so condensation of water vapour on the particulate soot prevents condensation on plants and raises the air temperature very slightly. Smudge pots were developed for the first time after a disastrous freeze in Southern California in January 1913 destroyed a whole crop.[72]
PropagationSee also: Fruit tree propagation and Citrus rootstockIt is possible to grow orange trees directly from seeds, but they may be infertile or produce fruit that may be different from its parent. For the seed of a commercial orange to grow, it must be kept moist at all times. One approach is placing the seeds between two sheets of damp paper towel until they germinate and then planting them, although many cultivators just set the seeds straight into the soil.
Commercially grown orange trees are propagated asexually by grafting a mature cultivar onto a suitable seedling rootstock to ensure the same yield, identical fruit characteristics, and resistance to diseases throughout the years. Propagation involves two stages: first, a rootstock is grown from seed. Then, when it is approximately one year old, the leafy top is cut off and a bud taken from a specific scion variety, is grafted into its bark. The scion is what determines the variety of orange, while the rootstock makes the tree resistant to pests and diseases and adaptable to specific soil and climatic conditions. Thus, rootstocks influence the rate of growth and have an effect on fruit yield and quality.[73]
Rootstocks must be compatible with the variety inserted into them because otherwise, the tree may decline, be less productive, or die.[73]
Among the several advantages to grafting are that trees mature uniformly and begin to bear fruit earlier than those reproduced by seeds (3 to 4 years in contrast with 6 to 7 years),[74] and that it makes it possible to combine the best attributes of a scion with those of a rootstock.[75]
HarvestCanopy-shaking mechanical harvesters are being used increasingly in Florida to harvest oranges. Current canopy shaker machines use a series of six-to-seven-foot-long tines to shake the tree canopy at a relatively constant stroke and frequency.[76]
Normally, oranges are picked once they are pale orange.[77]
DegreeningOranges must be mature when harvested. In the United States, laws foroffer harvesting immature fruit for human consumption in Texas, Arizona, California and Florida.[78] Ripe oranges, however, often have some green or yellow-green color in the skin. Ethylene gas is used to turn green skin to orange. This process is known as \"degreening\", also called \"gassing\", \"sweating\", or \"curing\".[78] Oranges are non-climacteric fruits and cannot post-harvest ripen internally in response to ethylene gas, though they will de-green externally.[79]
StorageA stand with oranges, a man next to it, a cat on the floorA stand with oranges at a market in MoroccoCommercially, oranges can be stored by refrigeration in controlled-atmosphere chambers for up to twelve weeks after harvest. Storage life ultimately depends on cultivar, maturity, pre-harvest conditions, and handling.[80] In stores and markets, however, oranges should be displayed on non-refrigerated shelves.
At home, oranges have a shelf life of about one month.[81] In either case, optimally, they are stored loosely in an open or perforated plastic bag.[81]
Pests and diseasesSee also: List of citrus diseasesCottony cushion scaleThe first major pest that attacked orange trees in the United States was the cottony cushion scale (Icerya purchasi), imported from Australia to California in 1868. Within 20 years, it wiped out the citrus orchards around Los Angeles, and limited orange growth throughout California. In 1888, the USDA sent Alfred Koebele to Australia to study this scale insect in its native habitat. He brought back with him specimens of Novius cardinalis, an Australian ladybird beetle, and within a decade the pest was controlled.[47]
Citrus greening diseaseThe citrus greening disease, caused by the bacterium Liberobacter asiaticum, has been the most serious threat to orange production since 2010. It is characterized by streaks of different shades on the leaves, and deformed, poorly colored, unsavory fruit. In areas where the disease is endemic, citrus trees live for only five to eight years and never bear fruit suitable for consumption.[82] In the western hemisphere, the disease was discovered in Florida in 1998, where it has attacked nearly all the trees ever since. It was reported in Brazil by Fundecitrus Brasil in 2004.[82] As from 2009, 0.87% of the trees in Brazil\'s main orange growing areas (São Paulo and Minas Gerais) showed symptoms of greening, an increase of 49% over 2008.[83]
The disease is spread primarily by two species of psyllid insects. One of them is the Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri Kuwayama), an efficient vector of the Liberobacter asiaticum. Generalist predators such as the ladybird beetles Curinus coeruleus, Olla v-nigrum, Harmonia axyridis, and Cycloneda sanguinea, and the lacewings Ceraeochrysa spp. and Chrysoperla spp. make significant contribution to the mortality of the Asian citrus psyllid, which results in 80–100% reduction in psyllid populations. In contrast, parasitism by Tamarixia radiata, a species-specific parasitoid of the Asian citrus psyllid, is variable and generally low in southwest Florida: in 2006, it amounted to a reduction of less than 12% from May to September and 50% in November.
In 2007, foliar applications of insecticides reduced psyllid populations for a short time, but also suppressed the populations of predatory ladybird beetles. Soil application of aldicarb provided limited control of Asian citrus psyllid, while drenches of imidacloprid to young trees were effective for two months or more.[84]
Management of citrus greening disease is difficult and requires an integrated approach that includes use of clean stock, elimination of inoculum via voluntary and regulatory means, use of pesticides to control psyllid vectors in the citrus crop, and biological control of psyllid vectors in non-crop reservoirs. Citrus greening disease is not under completely successful management.[82]
Greasy spotGreasy spot, a fungal disease caused by the Mycosphaerella citri, produces leaf spots and premature defoliation, thus reducing the tree\'s vigour and yield. Ascospores of M. citri are generated in pseudothecia in decomposing fallen leaves.[85] Once mature, ascospores are ejected and subsequently dispersed by air currents.
ProductionProduction of oranges – 2019Country Production (millions of tonnes)Brazil 17.1China 10.4India 9.5United States 4.8Mexico 4.7Spain 3.2Egypt 3.2World 78.7Source: FAOSTAT of the United Nations[13]Main article: Citrus productionFurther information: Orange production in BrazilIn 2019, world production of oranges was 79 million tonnes, led by Brazil with 22% of the total, followed by China, India, the United States, and Mexico as other major producers (table).
In the United States, groves are located mainly in Florida, California, and Texas.[86] The majority of California\'s crop is sold as fresh fruit, whereas Florida\'s oranges are destined to juice products. The Indian River area of Florida is known for the high quality of its juice, which often is sold fresh in the United States and frequently blended with juice produced in other regions because Indian River trees yield very sweet oranges, but in relatively small quantities.[87]
Orange juice is traded internationally as frozen, concentrated orange juice to reduce the volume used so that storage and transportation costs are lower.[88]
ProductsOranges, whose flavor may vary from sweet to sour, are commonly peeled and eaten fresh or squeezed for juice. The thick bitter rind is usually discarded, but can be processed into animal feed by desiccation, using pressure and heat. It also is used in certain recipes as a food flavoring or garnish. The outermost layer of the rind can be thinly grated with a zester to produce orange zest. Zest is popular in cooking because it contains oils and has a strong flavor similar to that of the orange pulp. The white part of the rind, including the pith, is a source of pectin and has nearly the same amount of vitamin C as the flesh and other nutrients.
Although not as juicy or tasty as the flesh, orange peel is edible and has significant contents of vitamin C, dietary fiber, total polyphenols, carotenoids, limonene and dietary minerals, such as potassium and magnesium.[89]Jar of orange marmaladeOrange juice is obtained by squeezing the fruit on a special tool (a juicer or squeezer) and collecting the juice in a tray underneath. This can be made at home or, on a much larger scale, industrially. Brazil is the largest producer of orange juice in the world, followed by the United States, where it is one of the commodities traded on the New York Board of Trade. Frozen orange juice concentrate is made from freshly squeezed and filtered orange juice.[90]
Sweet orange oil is a by-product of the juice industry produced by pressing the peel. It is used for flavoring food and drinks and also in the perfume industry and aromatherapy for its fragrance. Sweet orange oil consists of approximately 90% D-limonene, a solvent used in various household chemicals, such as wood conditioners for furniture and—along with other citrus oils—detergents and hand cleansers. It is an efficient cleaning agent with a pleasant smell, promoted for being environmentally friendly and therefore, preferable to petrochemicals. D-limonene is, however, classified as irritating to the skin and as very toxic to aquatic life in different countries.[91][92]
Marmalade preserves are traditionally made with Seville oranges, which are less sweet. All parts of the fruit are used: the pith and pips (separated and placed in a muslin bag) are boiled in a mixture of juice, slivered peel, sliced-up flesh, sugar, and water to extract their pectin, which helps the conserve to set.
See alsoEliza Tibbets (for the history of orange groves in California, United States)List of citrus fruitsList of culinary fruitsBoston (US: /ˈbɔːstən/, UK: /ˈbɒstən/)[10] is the capital and most populous city[3] of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States and 21st most populous city in the United States.[4] The city proper covers 48.4 square miles (125 km2)[11] with an estimated population of 692,600 in 2019,[4] also making it the most populous city in New England.[3] It is the seat of Suffolk County (although the county government was disbanded on July 1, 1999).[12] The city is the economic and cultural anchor of a substantially larger metropolitan area known as Greater Boston, a metropolitan statistical area (MSA) home to a census-estimated 4.8 million people in 2016 and ranking as the tenth-largest MSA in the country.[13] A broader combined statistical area (CSA), generally corresponding to the commuting area and including Providence, Rhode Island, is home to some 8.2 million people, making it the sixth most populous in the United States.[14]
Boston is one of the oldest municipalities in the United States, founded on the Shawmut Peninsula in 1630 by Puritan settlers from the English town of the same name.[15][16] It was the scene of several key events of the American Revolution, such as the Boston Massacre, the Boston Tea Party, the Battle of Bunker Hill and the Siege of Boston. Upon American independence from Great Britain, the city continued to be an important port and manufacturing hub as well as a center for education and culture.[17][18] The city has expanded beyond the original peninsula through land reclamation and municipal annexation. Its rich history attracts many tourists, with Faneuil Hall alone drawing more than 20 million visitors per year.[19] Boston\'s many firsts include the United States\' first public park (Boston Common, 1634), first public or state school (Boston Latin School, 1635)[20] and first subway system (Tremont Street subway, 1897).[21]
Today, Boston is a thriving center of scientific research. The Boston area\'s many colleges and universities make it a world leader in higher education,[22] including law, medicine, engineering and business, and the city is considered to be a global pioneer in innovation and entrepreneurship, with nearly 5,000 startups.[23][24][25] Boston\'s economic base also includes finance,[26] professional and business services, biotechnology, information technology and government activities.[27] Households in the city claim the highest average rate of philanthropy in the United States;[28] businesses and institutions rank among the top in the country for environmental sustainability and investment.[29] The city has one of the highest costs of living in the United States[30][31] as it has undergone gentrification,[32] though it remains high on world livability rankings.[33]
HistoryMain articles: History of Boston and Timeline of BostonColonialBoston\'s early European settlers had first called the area Trimountaine (after its \"three mountains\", only traces of which remain today) but later renamed it Boston after Boston, Lincolnshire, England, the origin of several prominent colonists. The renaming on September 7, 1630 (Old Style),[34][b] was by Puritan colonists from England[16][35] who had moved over from Charlestown earlier that year in quest for fresh water. Their settlement was initially limited to the Shawmut Peninsula, at that time surrounded by the Massachusetts Bay and Charles River and connected to the mainland by a narrow isthmus. The peninsula is thought to have been inhabited as early as 4000 BC.[36]
In 1629, the Massachusetts Bay Colony\'s first governor John Winthrop led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement, a key founding document of the city. Puritan ethics and their focus on education influenced its early history;[37] America\'s first public school, Boston Latin School, was founded in Boston in 1635.[20]
John Hull and the pine tree shilling played a central role in the establishment of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and the Old South Church in the 1600s. In 1652 the Massachusetts legislature authorized John Hull to produce coinage. \"The Hull Mint produced several denominations of silver coinage, including the pine tree shilling, for over 30 years until the political and economic situation made operating the mint no longer practical.\"[38] King Charles II for reasons which were mostly political deemed the \"Hull Mint\" high treason which had a punishment of being hung, drawn and quartered. \"On April 6, 1681, Edward Randolph petitioned the king, informing him the colony was still pressing their own coins which he saw as high treason and believed it was enough to void the charter. He asked that a writ of Quo warranto (a legal action requiring the defendant to show what authority they have for exercising some right, power, or franchise they claim to hold) be issued against Massachusetts for the violations.\"[39]
Boston was the largest town in the Thirteen Colonies until Philadelphia outgrew it in the mid-18th century.[40] Boston\'s oceanfront location made it a lively port, and the city primarily engaged in shipping and fishing during its colonial days. However, Boston stagnated in the decades prior to the Revolution. By the mid-18th century, New York City and Philadelphia surpassed Boston in wealth. During this period, Boston encountered financial difficulties even as other cities in New England grew rapidly.[41][42]
Revolution and the Siege of BostonSee also: Boston campaign and Siege of Boston
A south east view of the great town of Boston in New England in America (c. 1730)
In 1773, a group of angered Bostonian citizens threw a shipment of tea by the East India Company into Boston Harbor as a response to the Tea Act, in an event known as the Boston Tea Party.The weather continuing boisterous the next day and night, giving the enemy time to improve their works, to bring up their cannon, and to put themselves in such a state of defence, that I could promise myself little success in attacking them under all the disadvantages I had to encounter.William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe, in a letter to William Legge, 2nd Earl of Dartmouth about the British army\'s decision to leave Boston, dated March 21, 1776.[43]Map of Boston in 1775Map showing a British tactical evaluation of Boston in 1775.Many of the crucial events of the American Revolution[44] occurred in or near Boston. Boston\'s penchant for mob action along with the colonists\' growing lack of faith in either Britain or its Parliament fostered a revolutionary spirit in the city.[41] When the British parliament passed the Stamp Act in 1765, a Boston mob ravaged the homes of Andrew Oliver, the official tasked with enforcing the Act, and Thomas Hutchinson, then the Lieutenant Governor of Massachusetts.[41][45] The British sent two regiments to Boston in 1768 in an attempt to quell the angry colonists. This did not sit well with the colonists. In 1770, during the Boston Massacre, British troops shot into a crowd that had started to violently harass them. The colonists compelled the British to withdraw their troops. The event was widely publicized and fueled a revolutionary movement in America.[42]The Dorchester Heights Monument was erected on the spot where Putnam\'s fortifications were placed. American forces held the city for the remainder of the war.In 1773, Parliament passed the Tea Act. Many of the colonists saw the act as an attempt to force them to accept the taxes established by the Townshend Acts. The act prompted the Boston Tea Party, where a group of angered Bostonian citizens threw an entire shipment of tea sent by the East India Company into Boston Harbor. The Boston Tea Party was a key event leading up to the revolution, as the British government responded furiously with the Coercive Acts, demanding compensation for the destroyed tea from the Bostonians.[41] This angered the colonists further and led to the American Revolutionary War. The war began in the area surrounding Boston with the Battles of Lexington and Concord.[41][46]
Boston itself was besieged for almost a year during the Siege of Boston, which began on April 19, 1775. The New England militia impeded the movement of the British Army. Sir William Howe, then the commander-in-chief of the British forces in North America, led the British army in the siege. On June 17, the British captured the Charlestown peninsula in Boston, during the Battle of Bunker Hill. The British army outnumbered the militia stationed there, but it was a pyrrhic victory for the British because their army suffered irreplaceable casualties. It was also a testament to the skill and training of the militia, as their stubborn defence made it difficult for the British to capture Charlestown without suffering further irreplaceable casualties.[47][48]
Several weeks later, George Washington took over the militia after the Continental Congress established the Continental Army to unify the revolutionary effort. Both sides faced difficulties and supply shortages in the siege, and the fighting was limited to small-scale raids and skirmishes. The narrow Boston Neck, which at that time was only about a hundred feet wide, impeded Washington\'s ability to invade Boston, and a long stalemate ensued. A young officer, Rufus Putnam, came up with a plan to make portable fortifications out of wood that could be erected on the frozen ground under cover of darkness. Putnam supervised this effort, which successfully installed both the fortifications and dozens of cannon on Dorchester Heights that Henry Knox had laboriously brought through the snow from Fort Ticonderoga. The astonished British awoke the next morning to see a large array of cannons bearing down on them. General Howe is believed to have said that the Americans had done more in one night than his army could have done in six months. The British Army attempted a cannon barrage for two hours, but their shot could not reach the colonists\' cannons at such a height. The British gave up, boarded their ships and sailed away. Boston still celebrates \"Evacuation Day\" each year. Washington was so impressed, he made Rufus Putnam his chief and the War of 1812
Boston, as the Eagle and the Wild Goose See It, 1860, by J.W. Black, the first recorded aerial photograph
State Street, 1801After the Revolution, Boston\'s long seafaring tradition helped make it one of the world\'s wealthiest international ports, with the slave trade,[50] rum, fish, salt, and tobacco being particularly important.[51] Boston\'s harbor activity was significantly curtailed by the Embargo Act of 1807 (adopted during the Napoleonic Wars) and the War of 1812. Foreign trade returned after these hostilities, but Boston\'s merchants had found alternatives for their capital investments in the interim. Manufacturing became an important component of the city\'s economy, and the city\'s industrial manufacturing overtook international trade in economic importance by the mid-19th century. A network of small rivers bordering the city and connecting it to the surrounding region facilitated shipment of goods and led to a proliferation of mills and factories. Later, a dense network of railroads furthered the region\'s industry and commerce.[52]Cutting down Beacon Hill in 1811; a view from the north toward the Massachusetts State House[53]During this period, Boston flourished culturally, as well, admired for its rarefied literary life and generous artistic patronage,[54][55] with members of old Boston families—eventually dubbed Boston Brahmins—coming to be regarded as the nation\'s social and cultural elites.[56]
Boston was an early port of the Atlantic triangular slave trade in the New England colonies, but was soon overtaken by Salem, Massachusetts and Newport, Rhode Island.[57] Boston eventually became a center of the abolitionist movement.[58] The city reacted strongly to the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850,[59] contributing to President Franklin Pierce\'s attempt to make an example of Boston after the Anthony Burns Fugitive Slave Case.[60][61]
In 1822,[17] the citizens of Boston voted to change the official name from the \"Town of Boston\" to the \"City of Boston\", and on March 19, 1822, the people of Boston accepted the charter incorporating the city.[62] At the time Boston was chartered as a city, the population was about 46,226, while the area of the city was only 4.8 square miles (12 km2).[62]
19th centuryPainting with a body of water with sailing ships in the foreground and a city in the backgroundView of downtown Boston from Dorchester Heights, 1841
Tremont Street, 1843In the 1820s, Boston\'s population grew rapidly, and the city\'s ethnic composition changed dramatically with the first wave of European immigrants. Irish immigrants dominated the first wave of newcomers during this period, especially following the Great Famine; by 1850, about 35,000 Irish lived in Boston.[63] In the latter half of the 19th century, the city saw increasing numbers of Irish, Germans, Lebanese, Syrians,[64] French Canadians, and Russian and Polish Jews settling in the city. By the end of the 19th century, Boston\'s core neighborhoods had become enclaves of ethnically distinct immigrants with their residence yielding lasting cultural change. Italians became the largest inhabitants of the North End,[65] Irish dominated South Boston and Charlestown, and Russian Jews lived in the West End. Irish and Italian immigrants brought with them Roman Catholicism. Currently, Catholics make up Boston\'s largest religious community,[66] and the Irish have played a major role in Boston politics since the early 20th century; prominent figures include the Kennedys, Tip O\'Neill, and John F. Fitzgerald.[67]
Between 1631 and 1890, the city tripled its area through land reclamation by filling in marshes, mud flats, and gaps between wharves along the waterfront.[68] The largest reclamation efforts took place during the 19th century; beginning in 1807, the crown of Beacon Hill was used to fill in a 50-acre (20 ha) mill pond that later became the Haymarket Square area. The present-day State House sits atop this lowered Beacon Hill. Reclamation projects in the middle of the century created significant parts of the South End, the West End, the Financial District, and Chinatown.The Old City Hall was home to the Boston city council from 1865 to 1969.
General view of Boston, by J. J. Hawes, c. 1860s–1880sColored print image of a city square in the 1900sHaymarket Square, 1909After the Great Boston fire of 1872, workers used building rubble as landfill along the downtown waterfront. During the mid-to-late 19th century, workers filled almost 600 acres (2.4 km2) of brackish Charles River marshlands west of Boston Common with gravel brought by rail from the hills of Needham Heights. The city annexed the adjacent towns of South Boston (1804), East Boston (1836), Roxbury (1868), Dorchester (including present-day Mattapan and a portion of South Boston) (1870), Brighton (including present-day Allston) (1874), West Roxbury (including present-day Jamaica Plain and Roslindale) (1874), Charlestown (1874), and Hyde Park (1912).[69][70] Other proposals were unsuccessful for the annexation of Brookline, Cambridge,[71] and Chelsea.[72][73]