GAME OF THRONES - Season 6 - Card #74 - BROTHER LANCEL - Rittenhouse - 2017 for Sale

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GAME OF THRONES - Season 6 - Card #74 - BROTHER LANCEL - Rittenhouse - 2017 For Sale

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Gameof Thrones is an American fantasydrama television series created by David Benioff and D. B. Weiss. Itis an adaptation of A Song of Ice andFire, George R. R. Martin's series offantasy novels, the first of which is AGame of Thrones. It is filmed atTitanic Studios in Belfast, on location in the United Kingdom, and inCanada, Croatia, Iceland, Malta, Morocco, Spain, and the UnitedStates. The series premiered on HBO in the United States on April 17,2011, and its sixth season ended on June 26, 2016. The series wasrenewed for a seventh season, which is scheduled to premiere on July16, 2017, and will conclude with its eighth season in 2018.

Set onthe fictional continents of Westeros and Essos, Gameof Thrones has several plot lines and alarge ensemble cast. The first story arc follows a dynastic conflictamong competing claimants for succession to the Iron Throne of theSeven Kingdoms, with other noble families fighting for independencefrom the throne. The second covers attempts to reclaim the throne bythe exiled last scion of the realm's deposed ruling dynasty; thethird chronicles the threat of the impending winter and the legendarycreatures and fierce peoples of the North.

Gameof Thrones has attracted recordviewership on HBO and has a broad, active, international fan base. Ithas been acclaimed by critics, particularly for its acting, complexcharacters, story, scope, and production values, although itsfrequent use of nudity and violence (including sexual violence) hasattracted criticism. The series has received 38 Primetime EmmyAwards, including Outstanding Drama Series in 2015 and 2016, morethan any other primetime scripted television series. Its other awardsand nominations include three Hugo Awards for Best DramaticPresentation (2012–2014), a 2011 Peabody Award, and fournominations for the Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series –Drama (2012 and 2015–2017). Of the ensemble cast, Peter Dinklagehas won two Primetime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Supporting Actor ina Drama Series (2011 and 2015) and the Golden Globe Award for BestSupporting Actor – Series, Miniseries or Television Film (2012) forhis performance as Tyrion Lannister. Lena Headey, Emilia Clarke, KitHarington, Maisie Williams, Diana Rigg, and Max von Sydow have alsoreceived Primetime Emmy Award nominations for their performances inthe series.

Gameof Thrones is roughly based on the storylines of A Song of Iceand Fire, set in the fictional Seven Kingdoms of Westeros and thecontinent of Essos. The series chronicles the violent dynasticstruggles among the realm's noble families for the Iron Throne, whileother families fight for independence from it. It opens withadditional threats in the icy North and Essos in the east.

ShowrunnerDavid Benioff jokingly suggested "TheSopranos in Middle-earth" as Gameof Thrones' tagline, referring to itsintrigue-filled plot and dark tone in a fantasy setting of magic anddragons. In a 2012 study of deaths per episode, it ranked second outof 40 recent U.S. TV drama series (with an average of 14)

Themes

Theseries is generally praised for what is perceived as a sort ofmedieval realism. George R.R. Martin set out to make the story feelmore like historical fiction than contemporary fantasy, with lessemphasis on magic and sorcery and more on battles, politicalintrigue, and the characters, believing that magic should be usedmoderately in the epic fantasy genre. Benioff said, "Georgebrought a measure of harsh realism to high fantasy. He introducedgray tones into a black-and-white universe."

A commontheme in the fantasy genre is the battle between good and evil, whichMartin says does not mirror the real world. Just like people'scapacity for good and for evil in real life, Martin explores thequestions of redemption and character change. The show allows theaudience to view different characters from their perspective, unlikein many other fantasies, and thus the supposed villains can providetheir side of the story. Maincharacters are regularly killed off, and this has been credited withdeveloping tension among viewers. The series also reflects thesubstantial death rates in war.

Inspirationsand derivations

Althoughthe first season is a faithful adaptation of the novel, later seasonshave significant changes. According to David Benioff, the show is"about adapting the series as a whole and following the mapGeorge laid out for us and hitting the major milestones, but notnecessarily each of the stops along the way".

Thenovels and their adaptations base aspects of their settings,characters, and plot on events in European history. A principalinspiration for the novels is the English Wars of the Roses (1455–85)between the houses of Lancaster and York, reflected in Martin'shouses of Lannister and Stark. Most of Westeros is reminiscent ofhigh medieval western Europe, from lands and cultures, to the palaceintrigue, castles, and knightly tournaments. The scheming Cerseievokes Isabella, the "she-wolf of France" (1295–1358);Isabella and her family (particularly as portrayed in Maurice Druon'shistorical-novel series, The AccursedKings) inspired Martin. Otherhistorical antecedents of series elements include Hadrian's Wall(which becomes Martin's Wall), the legend of Atlantis (ancientValyria), Byzantine Greek fire ("wildfire"), Damascus steel(Valyrian steel), the Colossus of Rhodes (the Titan of Braavos),Ancient Egypt (Slaver's Bay), the Crusades (the Faith Militant),Icelandic sagas of the Viking Age (the Ironborn), the Mongol hordes(the Dothraki), the Hundred Years' War (1337–1453), and the ItalianRenaissance (c. 1400–1500). The series' popularity has beenattributed, in part, to Martin's skill at fusing these elements intoa seamless, credible version of alternate history.

Gameof Thrones has an ensemble castestimated as the largest on television; during its third season, 257cast names were recorded. In 2014, several actor contracts wererenegotiated to include a seventh-season option, with raises whichreportedly made them among the highest-paid performers on cable TV.In 2016, several actor contracts were again renegotiated, with fiveof the main cast members having increased their salary to £2 millionper episode for the last two seasons, making them one of the highestpaid actors on television. The main cast is listed below.

LordEddard "Ned" Stark (Sean Bean) is the head of House Stark,whose members are involved in most of the series' plot lines. He andhis wife, Catelyn Tully (Michelle Fairley), have five children: Robb(Richard Madden), the eldest, followed by Sansa (Sophie Turner), Arya(Maisie Williams), Bran (Isaac Hempstead-Wright) and Rickon (ArtParkinson), the youngest. Ned's illegitimate son Jon Snow (KitHarington) and his friend, Samwell Tarly (John Bradley), serve in theNight's Watch under Lord Commander Jeor Mormont (James Cosmo). TheWildlings living north of the Wall include warriors TormundGiantsbane (Kristofer Hivju), Ygritte (Rose Leslie) and young Gilly(Hannah Murray).

Othersassociated with House Stark include Ned's ward Theon Greyjoy (AlfieAllen), his vassal Roose Bolton (Michael McElhatton), and Bolton'sbastard son, Ramsay Snow (Iwan Rheon). Robb falls in love with thehealer Talisa Maegyr (Oona Chaplin), and Arya befriends blacksmith'sapprentice Gendry (Joe Dempsie) and assassin Jaqen H'ghar (TomWlaschiha). The tall warrior Brienne of Tarth (Gwendoline Christie)serves Catelyn and, later, Sansa.

InKing's Landing, the capital, Ned's friend King Robert Baratheon (MarkAddy) shares a loveless marriage with Cersei Lannister (Lena Headey)– who has taken her twin, the Kingslayer Ser Jaime Lannister(Nikolaj Coster-Waldau), as her lover. She loathes her youngerbrother, the dwarf Tyrion Lannister (Peter Dinklage), who is attendedby his mistress Shae (Sibel Kekilli) and the sellsword Bronn (JeromeFlynn). Cersei's father is Lord Tywin Lannister (Charles Dance).Cersei also has two young sons: Joffrey (Jack Gleeson) and Tommen(Dean-Charles Chapman). Joffrey is guarded by the scar-faced warrior,Sandor "the Hound" Clegane (Rory McCann).

Theking's Small Council of advisors includes crafty Master of Coin LordPetyr "Littlefinger" Baelish (Aidan Gillen) and eunuchspymaster Lord Varys (Conleth Hill). Robert's brother, StannisBaratheon (Stephen Dillane), is advised by foreign priestessMelisandre (Carice van Houten) and former smuggler Ser Davos Seaworth(Liam Cunningham). The wealthy Tyrell family is primarily representedat court by Margaery Tyrell (Natalie Dormer). The High Sparrow(Jonathan Pryce) is the capital's principal religious leader. In thesouthern principality of Dorne, Ellaria Sand (Indira Varma) seeksvengeance against the Lannisters.

Acrossthe Narrow Sea, siblings Viserys (Harry Lloyd) and Daenerys Targaryen(Emilia Clarke) – the exiled children of the last king of theoriginal ruling dynasty, who was overthrown by Robert Baratheon –are running for their lives and trying to win back the throne.Daenerys has been married to Khal Drogo (Jason Momoa), the leader ofthe nomadic Dothraki. Her retinue includes exiled knight Ser JorahMormont (Iain Glen), her aide Missandei (Nathalie Emmanuel) and thesellsword Daario Naharis (Michiel Huisman).

Beforebeing approached by Benioff and Weiss, Martin had had other meetingswith other scriptwriters, most of them wanting to turn it into afeature film. Martin deemed it "unfilmable" and impossibleto be done as a feature film, stating that the size of one of hisnovels is as long as three of J. R. R. Tolkien novels. "I knewit couldn’t be done as a network television series. It’s tooadult. The level of sex and violence would never have gone through."He then went on to say that the only way this could be achieved is ifHBO does it.

Theseries began development in January 2007. HBO acquired the TV rightsto the novels, and Benioff and Weiss were its executive producers.The intention was for each novel to yield a season's worth ofepisodes. Initially, Benioff and Weiss were to write every episodeexcept one per season which was reserved for Martin (who wasco-executive producer). Jane Espenson and Bryan Cogman were lateradded to write one episode apiece the first season.

Thefirst and second drafts of the pilot script by Benioff and Weiss weresubmitted in August 2007 and June 2008, respectively. Although HBOliked both drafts, a pilot was not ordered until November 2008; the2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike may have delayed theprocess. The pilot episode, "Winter Is Coming", was firstshot in 2009; after a poor reception in a private viewing, HBOdemanded an extensive re-shoot (about 90 percent of the episode, withcast and directorial changes).

Thepilot reportedly cost HBO $5–10 million, and the first season'sbudget was estimated at $50–60 million. In the second season, theshow received a 15-percent budget increase for the climactic battlein "Blackwater" (which had an $8 million budget). Between2012 and 2015, the average budget per episode increased from $6million to "at least" $8 million. The sixth-season budgetwas over $10 million per episode, for a season total of over $100million and a series record.

Casting

NinaGold and Robert Sterne are the series' primary casting directors.Through a process of auditions and readings, the main cast wasassembled. The only exceptions were Peter Dinklage and Sean Bean,whom the writers wanted from the start; they were announced asjoining the pilot in 2009. Other actors signed for the pilot were KitHarington as Jon Snow, Jack Gleeson as Joffrey Baratheon, Harry Lloydas Viserys Targaryen and Mark Addy as Robert Baratheon. Addy was,according to showrunners Benioff and Weiss, the easiest actor to castfor the show, being that his audition was on point. Catelyn Stark wasscheduled to be played by Jennifer Ehle, but the role was recast withMichelle Fairley. Daenerys Targaryen was also recast, with EmiliaClarke replacing Tamzin Merchant. The rest of the first season's castwas filled in the second half of 2009.

Althoughmany of the first-season cast were set to return, the producers had alarge number of new characters to cast for the second season. Due tothis, Benioff and Weiss postponed the introduction of several keycharacters and merged several characters into one or assigned plotfunctions to different characters.

Gameof Thrones used seven writers in sixseasons. Series creators David Benioff and D. B. Weiss, theshowrunners, write most of the episodes each season.

ASong of Ice and Fire author George R.R. Martin wrote one episode in each of the first four seasons. Martindid not write an episode for the later seasons, since he wanted tofocus on completing the sixth novel (TheWinds of Winter). Jane Espensonco-wrote one first-season episode as a freelance writer.

BryanCogman, initially a script coordinator for the series, was promotedto producer for the fifth season. Cogman, who wrote at least oneepisode for the first five seasons, is the only other writer in thewriters' room with Benioff and Weiss. Before his promotion, VanessaTaylor (a writer during the second and third seasons) worked closelywith Benioff and Weiss. Dave Hill joined the writing staff for thefifth season after working as an assistant to Benioff and Weiss.Although Martin is not in the writers' room, he reads the scriptoutlines and makes comments.

Benioffand Weiss sometimes assign characters to particular writers; forexample, Cogman was assigned to Arya Stark for the fourth season. Thewriters spend several weeks writing a character outline, includingwhat material from the novels to use and the overarching themes.After these individual outlines are complete, they spend another twoto three weeks discussing each main character's individual arc andarranging them episode by episode. A detailed outline is created,with each of the writers working on a portion to create a script foreach episode. Cogman, who wrote two episodes for the fifth season,took a month and a half to complete both scripts. They are then readby Benioff and Weiss, who make notes, and parts of the script arerewritten. All ten episodes are written before filming begins, sincethey are filmed out of order with two units in different countries.

Benioffand Weiss write each of their episodes together, with one of themwriting the first half of the script and the other the second half.After that they begin with passing the drafts back and forth to makenotes and rewrite parts of it.

Adaptationschedule

Benioffand Weiss intend to adapt the entire, still-incomplete A Song ofIce and Fire series of novels for television. After Game ofThrones began outpacing the published novels in the sixth season,the series was based on a plot outline of the future novels providedby Martin and original content. In April 2016, the showrunners' planwas to shoot 13 more episodes after the sixth season: seven episodesin the seventh season and six episodes in the eighth. Later thatmonth, the series was renewed for a seventh season with aseven-episode order. As of 2017, seven seasons have been ordered andfilmed, adapting the novels at a rate of about 48 seconds per pagefor the first three seasons.

Principalphotography for the first season was scheduled to begin on July 26,2010, and the primary location was the Paint Hall Studios in Belfast,Northern Ireland. Exterior scenes in Northern Ireland were filmed atSandy Brae in the Mourne Mountains (standing in for Vaes Dothrak),Castle Ward (Winterfell), Saintfield Estates (the Winterfellgodswood), Tollymore Forest (outdoor scenes), Cairncastle (theexecution site), the Magheramorne quarry (Castle Black) and Shane'sCastle (the tourney grounds). Doune Castle in Stirling, Scotland, wasalso used in the original pilot episode for scenes at Winterfell. Theproducers initially considered filming the whole series in Scotland,but decided on Northern Ireland because of the availability of studiospace.

Thefirst season's southern scenes were filmed in Malta, a change inlocation from the pilot episode's Moroccan sets. The city of Mdinawas used for King's Landing. Filming was also done at Fort Manoel(representing the Sept of Baelor); at the Azure Window on the islandof Gozo (the Dothraki wedding site) and at San Anton Palace, FortRicasoli, Fort St Angelo and St. Dominic monastery (all used forscenes in the Red Keep).

Filmingof the second season's southern scenes shifted from Malta to Croatia,where the city of Dubrovnik and nearby locations allowed exteriorshots of a walled, coastal medieval city. The Walls of Dubrovnik andFort Lovrijenac were used for scenes in King's Landing and the RedKeep. The island of Lokrum, the St. Dominic monastery in the coastaltown of Trogir, the Rector's Palace in Dubrovnik, and the Dubacquarry (a few kilometers east) were used for scenes set in Qarth.Scenes set north of the Wall, in the Frostfangs and at the Fist ofthe First Men, were filmed in November 2011 in Iceland: on theVatnajökull glacier near Smyrlabjörg, the Svínafellsjökullglacier near Skaftafell and the Mýrdalsjökull glacier near Vik returned to Dubrovnik, with the Walls of Dubrovnik, FortLovrijenac and nearby locations again used for scenes in King'sLanding and the Red Keep. Trsteno Arboretum, a new location, is thegarden of the Tyrells in King's Landing. The third season alsoreturned to Morocco (including the city of Essaouira) to filmDaenerys' scenes in Essos. Dimmuborgir and the Grjótagjá cave inIceland were used as well. One scene, with a live bear, was filmed inLos Angeles. The production used three units (Dragon, Wolf and Raven)filming in parallel, six directing teams, 257 cast members and 703crew members.

Thefourth season returned to Dubrovnik and included new locations,including Diocletian's Palace in Split, Klis Fortress north of Split,Perun quarry east of Split, the Mosor mountain range, and Baška Vodafurther south. Thingvellir National Park in Iceland was used for thefight between Brienne and the Hound. Filming took 136 days and endedon November 21, 2013. The fifth season added Seville, Spain, used forscenes of Dorne. The sixth season, which began filming in July 2015,returned to Spain and filmed in Girona and Peniscola. Seventh-seasonproduction returned to Spain, filming in Seville, Cáceres, Almodovardel Rio, Santiponce, Zumaia and Bermeo.

Filmingof the seven episodes of Season 7 began on August 31, 2016 at TitanicStudios in Belfast, with location work to be done in Iceland,Northern Ireland and many locations in Spain. Filming continued untilthe end of February 2017 as necessary to ensure winter weather insome of the European season of Game of Throneshas four to six directors, who usually direct back-to-back episodes.Alex Graves, David Nutter, and Alan Taylor have directed the mostepisodes of the series, with six each. Daniel Minahan directed fiveepisodes, and Michelle MacLaren, Mark Mylod, Jeremy Podeswa, AlikSakharov, and Miguel Sapochnik directed four each. Brian Kirkdirected three episodes during the first season, and Tim Van Pattendirected the series' first two episodes. Neil Marshall directed twoepisodes, both with large battle scenes: "Blackwater" and"The Watchers on the Wall". Other directors have been JackBender, David Petrarca, Daniel Sackheim, Michael Slovis and MattShakman. David Benioff and D. B. Weiss have also directed one was the pilot's cinematographer. The series has had a numberof cinematographers, and has received seven Primetime Emmy Award forOutstanding Cinematography for a Single-Camera Series nominations.

OralNorrey Ottey, Frances Parker, Martin Nicholson, Crispin Green, TimPorter and Katie Weiland have edited the series for a varying numberof episodes. Weiland received a Primetime Emmy Award for OutstandingSingle-Camera Picture Editing for a Drama Series in 2015.

CostumeDesign

MicheleClapton was costume designer for Game ofThrones' first five seasons before shewas replaced by April Ferry. Clapton will return to the show ascostume designer for the seventh season.

Theseries' costumes are inspired by a number of cultures, includingmedieval Japan and Persia. Dothraki dress resembles that of theBedouin (one was made out of fish skins to resemble dragon scales),and the Wildlings wear animal skins like the Inuit. Wildling bonearmor is made from molds of actual bones, and is assembled withstring and latex resembling catgut. Although the extras who playWildlings and the Night's Watch often wear hats (normal in a coldclimate), members of the principal cast usually do not so viewers candistinguish the main characters. Björk's Alexander McQueenhigh-neckline dresses inspired Margaery Tyrell's funnel-neck outfit,and prostitutes' dresses are designed for easy removal. All clothingis aged for two weeks so it appears realistic on dozen wigs are used for the actresses. Made of human hair and upto 2 feet (61cm) in length, they cost up to $7,000 each and arewashed and styled like real hair. Applying the wigs istime-consuming; Emilia Clarke, for example, requires about two hoursto style her brunette hair with a platinum-blonde wig and braids.Other actors, such as Jack Gleeson and Sophie Turner, receivefrequent hair coloring. For characters such as Daenerys (Clarke) andher Dothraki, their hair, wigs and costumes are processed to appearas if they have not been washed for weeks.

Makeup

For thefirst three seasons, Paul Engelen was Gameof Thrones' main makeup designer andprosthetic makeup artist with Melissa Lackersteen, Conor O'Sullivanand Rob Trenton. At the beginning of the fourth season Engelen's teamwas replaced by Jane Walker and her crew, composed of Ann McEwan andBarrie and Sarah Gower.

Visualeffects

For theseries' large number of visual effects, HBO hired British-basedBlueBolt and Irish-based Screen Scene for season one. Most of theenvironment builds were done as 2.5D projections, giving viewersperspective while keeping the programming from being overwhelming. In2011 the season-one finale, "Fire and Blood", was nominatedfor a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Special Visual Effects.

Becausethe effects became more complex in subsequent seasons (including CGIcreatures, fire, and water), German-based Pixomondo became the leadvisual-effects producer; nine of its twelve facilities contributed tothe project for season two, with Stuttgart the lead. Scenes were alsoproduced by British-based Peanut FX, Canadian-based Spin VFX, andU.S.-based Gradient Effects. "Valar Morghulis" and "ValarDohaeris" earned Pixomondo Primetime Emmy Awards for OutstandingSpecial Visual Effects in 2012 and 2013, respectively.

Forseason four, HBO added German-based Mackevision to the project. Theseason-four finale, "The Children", won the 2014 Emmy Awardfor Visual Effects. Additional producers for season four includedCanadian-based Rodeo FX, German-based Scanline VFX and U.S.-basedBAKED FX. The muscle and wing movements of the adolescent dragons inseasons four and five were based largely on those of a chicken.Pixomondo retained a team of 22 to 30 people which focused onvisualizing Daenerys Targaryen's dragons, with the average productiontime per season of 20 to 22 weeks. For the fifth season, HBO addedCanadian-based Image Engine and U.S.-based Crazy Horse Effects to itslist of main visual-effects producers.

Sound

Unusualfor a television series, the sound team receives a rough cut of afull season and approaches it as a ten-hour feature film. Althoughseasons one and two had different sound teams, one team has been incharge of sound since then. For the show's blood-and-gore sounds, theteam often uses a chamois. For dragon screams, mating tortoises anddolphin, seal, lion and bird sounds have been used.

Titlesequence

Theseries' title sequence was created by production studio Elastic forHBO. Creative director Angus Wall and his collaborators received the2011 Primetime Emmy Award for Main Title Design for the sequence,which depicts a three-dimensional map of the series' fictional world.The map is projected on the inside of a sphere which is centrally litby a small sun in an armillary sphere. As the camera moves across themap, focusing on the locations of the episode's events, clockworkmechanisms intertwine and allow buildings and other structures toemerge from the map. Accompanied by the title music, the names of theprincipal cast and creative staff appear. The sequence concludesafter about 90 seconds with the title card and brief opening creditsindicating the episode's writer(s) and director. Its compositionchanges as the story progresses, with new locations replacing thosefeaturing less prominently or not at all.